Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Decisions to terminate parental rights, by genetic evidence and likelihood of psychiatric disorder. The graph displays the predicted probabilities for termination of parental rights, depending on the presence of genetic evidence (i.e., genetics, family history, both, none) and the likelihood of the child (Samantha) having a psychiatric disorder. Analysis was controlled for child symptoms, child race, and subjects’ age, educational status, race, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and parental status. Tic marks indicate 95% confidence intervals (interaction p = .020, df = 3).
Tables
Female/male 165/135 (55.0/45.0) Age, y, mean ± SD 48.6 ± 16.8 18-29 47 (15.7) 30-59 159 (53.0) 60+ 94 (31.3) Race African American 33 (11) White 233 (77.7) Asian or Pacific Islander 10 (3.3) American Indian or Alaskan Native 3 (1.0) Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 0 (0.0) Mixed racea 9 (3.0) Missing 12 (4.0) Hispanic Yes 38 (12.7) No 262 (87.3) State of residence Northeast 51 (17.0) Midwest 75 (25.0) South 109 (36.3) West 65 (21.7) Highest education level attained ≤ High school graduate 100 (33.3) Up to 2 years of college 101 (33.7) 4 years of college/postgraduate 99 (33.0) Marital status Divorced/separated 41 (13.7) Never married 101 (33.7) Married/widowedb 158 (52.7) Income ≤ $19,999 42 (14.0) $20,000–$49,999 99 (33.0) $50,000–$99,999 82 (27.3) $100,000 or more 40 (13.3) Prefer not to say/missing 37 (12.3) Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise noted. N = 300 subjects.
↵a Mixed-race participants selected both White and another racial category. In the analysis, the race category was collapsed into White/non-White participants. Mixed-race participants were classified as non-White.
↵b Married includes domestic/civil partnership. Married/widowed participants were grouped together because the views of these participants, who are in a relationship or whose relationship was involuntarily ended, are likely to be different than participants who are divorced or are in the process of getting a divorce.
Genetic Evidence Family History Genetic Test Both None No Symptoms African American 17 14 17 18 White 18 14 17 20 Symptoms African American 21 26 21 23 White 18 15 19 22 Total 74 69 74 83 Decision to terminate mother’s parental rights Parental rights should not be terminated 196 (65.3) Parental rights should be terminated. 104 (34.7) Should child be returned to her mother's home? She should be returned to her mother's home at this time 60 (30.8) She should not be returned to her mother's home at this time 135 (69.2) Likelihood the child has a psychiatric disorder Unlikely 100 (41.2) Likely 143 (58.9) Causal attribution for the child’s psychiatric condition: The way the person was raised Unlikely 78 (26.1) Likely 221 (73.9) Stressful circumstances in the person’s life Unlikely 22 (7.3) Likely 278 (92.7) A chemical imbalance in the brain Unlikely 120 (40.1) Likely 179 (59.9) A genetic or inherited problem Unlikely 105 (35.4) Likely 192 (64.7) The person’s own bad character Unlikely 213 (71.5) Likely 85 (28.5) Interventions child should undergo: Go to a general medical doctor No 165 (55.4) Yes 133 (44.6) Go to a psychiatrist No 141 (47.3) Yes 157 (52.7) Go to a therapist or counselor No 54 (18.1) Yes 245 (81.9) Be evaluated for prescription medication No 182 (60.9) Yes 117 (39.1) Be evaluated for admission to a mental hospital No 271 (91.6) Yes 25 (8.5) Mental health treatment will improve situation Unlikely 57 (19.1) Likely 242 (80.9) Data are presented as n (%). N = 300 subjects.
Dependent Variablesa Genetic Test and Family Historyb Family History Only Genetic Test Only OR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p Mother’s parental rights should be terminated Yes 0.52 (0.26–1.05) .07 0.73 (0.37–1.43) .35 1.05 (0.53–2.08) .88 Should child be returned to her mother’s home? Yes 0.49 (0.20–1.22) .13 0.80 (0.34–1.90) .61 0.76 (0.30–1.91) .56 Likelihood the child has a psychiatric disorder Likely 8.77 (3.70–20.77) < .0001 5.46 (2.50–11.92) < .0001 9.21 (3.98–21.32) < .0001 Causal attributions for the child’s psychiatric condition: The way the person was raised Likely 0.78 (0.38–1.63) .51 0.76 (0.37–1.57) .46 1.18 (0.54–2.58) .68 Stressful circumstances in the person’s life Likely 0.89 (0.25–3.12) .85 1.96 (0.43–8.87) .38 0.72 (0.21–2.50) .60 A chemical balance in the brain Likely 4.29 (2.16–8.51) < .0001 5.92 (2.93–11.97) < .0001 5.81 (2.82–11.98) < .0001 A genetic or inherited problem Likely 7.22 (3.40–15.32) < .0001 4.54 (2.25–9.13) < .0001 6.47 (3.05–13.73) < .0001 The person’s own bad behavior Likely 0.61 (0.30–1.24) .17 0.69 (0.34–1.38) .29 0.48 (0.23–1.00) .0495 Interventions child should undergo: Go to a general medical doctor Yes 1.36 (0.70–2.62) .36 1.48 (0.77–2.83) .24 1.82 (0.93–3.57) .08 Go to a psychiatrist Yes 1.89 (0.97–3.69) .06 1.64 (0.85–3.17) .14 1.97 (0.99–3.90) .052 Go to a therapist or counselor Yes 2.25 (0.97–5.18) .06 1.55 (0.70–3.45) .28 3.17 (1.27–7.94) .01 Be evaluated for prescription medication Yes 3.03 (1.47–6.22) .003 1.69 (0.81–3.51) .16 3.27 (1.57–6.81) .002 Be evaluated for admission to a mental hospital Yes 0.54 (0.15–1.95) .35 0.25 (0.05–1.23) .09 1.70 (0.61–4.75) .32 Likelihood professional mental health treatment will improve child's situation Likely 2.74 (1.18–6.40) .02 2.03 (0.90–4.60) .09 2.63 (1.10–6.25) .03 ↵a The baseline comparison condition in the analysis is no genetic evidence (i.e., neither genetic test results nor family history).
↵b Controlling for vignette child symptoms, vignette maternal race, and subjects’ race, education attainment, age, ethnicity, marital status, parental status, and gender.
