Characteristics of the Study Population, by Parent
| Mother | Father | |
|---|---|---|
| White ethnicity/race | 80 | 78 |
| Income more than $20,000/year | 43 | 28 |
| At least a high school education | 53 | 46 |
| Mental health treatment(s) | 75 | 60 |
| Psychiatric hospitalization(s) | 15 | 11 |
| Substance use | 24 | 40 |
| Arrests | 15 | 61 |
| Child protective services | 34 | 26 |
| Restraining order(s) | 27 | 70 |
Data are expressed as percentages of the total study sample (n = 202).