The N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine as both behavioral and anatomical models of the dementias
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2022, Advances in NeurotoxicologyCitation Excerpt :Acute administration of PCP and other antagonists of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor has been reported to produce necrotic vacuolization of neurons associated with increases in HSP70 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortex, as well as in certain corticolimbic regions (Fix et al., 1993; Olney et al., 1989; Sharp et al., 1992). Long-term/repeated PCP administration leads to persistent schizophrenia symptoms including, among others, impairment in thinking, inability to distinguish reality from fantasy, and a loss of emotion or flattened affect (Ellison, 1995). Atrophy in the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, and hippocampal areas of the brain as demonstrated by neuroimaging studies, may underlie the behavioral deficits observed in PCP addicts (Micallef et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2004).