The leaf vasculature plays a key role in solute translocation. Veins consist of at least seven
distinct cell types, with specific roles in transport, metabolism, and signaling. Little is known …

Leaves are asymmetric, with different functions for adaxial and abaxial tissue. The bundle
sheath (BS) of C 3 barley (Hordeum vulgare) is dorsoventrally differentiated into three types of …

Crop yield depends on efficient allocation of sucrose from leaves to seeds. In Arabidopsis,
phloem loading is mediated by a combination of SWEET sucrose effluxers and subsequent …

Pathogenic lymphocytes initiate the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. The
cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (encoded by Csf2) is a …

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. They share
structural similarities with animal steroids, which are decisive factors of sex determination. …

Plant breeders have developed crop plants that are resistant to pests, but the continual
evolution of pathogens creates the need to iteratively develop new control strategies. Molecular …

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroidal hormones that play pivotal roles during plant development.
In addition to the characterization of BR deficient mutants, specific BR biosynthesis …

Glutamate has dual roles in metabolism and signaling; thus, signaling functions must be
isolatable and distinct from metabolic fluctuations, as seen in low-glutamate domains at …

A small number of phytohormones dictate the pattern of plant form affecting fitness via
reproductive architecture and the plant’s ability to forage for light, water, and nutrients. Individual …

O-GlcNAc modification plays important roles in metabolic regulation of cellular status. Two
homologs of O-GlcNAc transferase, SECRET AGENT (SEC) and SPINDLY (SPY), which have …