Article Figures & Data
Tables
PTSD n = 60 74.1% No PTSD n = 21 25.9% Overall n = 81 Age Years 37.9 ± 5.1 39.1 ± 6.7 38.2 ± 5.6 Range 28–54 23–47 23–54 Race* White 21 (35.0) 3 (14.3) 24 (29.6) Black 27 (45.0) 15 (71.4) 42 (51.9) Hispanic 11 (18.3) 2 (9.5) 13 (16.0) Other 1 (1.7) 1 (4.8) 2 (2.5) Marital Status Married 12 (20.0) 3 (14.3) 15 (18.5) Divorced, separated, or widowed 15 (25.0) 6 (28.6) 21 (25.9) Single 33 (55) 12 (57.1) 45 (55.6) Education (years) ≤9 18 (30.0) 4 (19.0) 22 (27.2) ≤10 6 (10.0) 4 (19.0) 10 (12.3) ≤11 5 (8.3) 16 (76.2) 21 (25.9) ≤12 25 (41.7) 3 (14.3) 28 (34.6) >12 7 (11.7) 2 (9.5) 9 (11.1) Employment Full time 19 (31.7) 5 (23.8) 24 (29.6) Part time 9 (15.0) 2 (9.5) 11 (13.6) Retired, disabled 12 (20.0) 3 (14.3) 15 (18.5) Unemployed 14 (23.3) 10 (47.6) 24 (29.6) Controlled environment 6 (10.0) 1 (4.8) 7 (8.6) Data in parentheses are the percentage of the total group.
* p < .05 on 2 × 2 chi square comparisons.
Charge Current Charge n = 81 Lifetime Charges PTSD n = 60 Lifetime Charges No PTSD n = 21 Overall Lifetime Charges n = 81 Shoplifting 3 (3.7) 34 (56.7) 8 (38.1) 42 (51.9) Violation of probation 24 (29.6) 44 (73.3) 14 (66.7) 58 (71.6) Drug-related 17 (21.0) 39 (65.0) 13 (61.9) 52 (64.2) Weapon-related 1 (1.2) 15 (25.0) 2 (9.5) 17 (21.0) Burglary 6 (7.4) 25 (41.7) 8 (38.1) 33 (40.7) Robbery 7 (8.6) 17 (28.3) 4 (19.0) 21 (25.9) Assault 9 (11.1) 24 (40.0) 5 (23.8) 29 (35.8) Murder 4 (4.9) 3 (5.0) 1 (4.8) 4 (4.9) Failure to appear 0 (0.0) 36 (60.0) 13 (61.9) 49 (60.5) Prostitution 10 (12.3) 33 (55.0) 6 (28.6) 39 (48.1) Data are the number of subjects (percentage of the total group).
Lifetime PTSD n = 60 No Lifetime PTSD n = 21 Overall n = 81 Major depression* 33 (55.0) 6 (28.6) 39 (48.1) Bipolar affective disorder 3 (5.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (3.7) Schizophrenia 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.2) Schizoaffective 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.2) Panic disorder 4 (6.7) 1 (4.8) 5 (6.2) GAD 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.2) OCD 3 (5.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (3.7) Social phobia 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.2) Specific phobia 4 (6.7) 0 (0.0) 4 (4.9) Cannabis ab/dep* 59 (98.3) 6 (28.6) 64 (79.0) Cocaine ab/dep 59 (98.3) 18 (85.7) 77 (95.1) Heroin ab/dep 44 (73.3) 12 (57.1) 56 (69.1) EtOH ab/dep 51 (85.0) 18 (85.7) 69 (85.2) BPD 7 (11.7) 0 (0.0) 7 (8.6) ASPD 15 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 15 (18.5) Data are the number of subjects (percentage of the total group). GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; ab/dep, abuse/dependency; BPD, borderline personality disorder; ASPD, antisocial personality disorder.
* p < .05 on 2 × 2 chi square comparisons.
† Indicates p < .05 on Fisher's exact test.
Disorder Teplin*8n = 1272 Jordan†7n = 805 Lewis‡44n = 125 National Comorbidity Survey§35 Current Sample‖n = 81 Schizophrenia 1.4 NR 2.4 0.8 1.2 Manic episode 2.4 NR 4.1 1.7 3.7 Major depressive disorder 16.9 13.0 38.8 21.3 48.1 Dysthymia 9.6 7.1 4.1 8.0 4.9 Substance abuse/dependence 70.2 67.3 Alcohol abuse 32.3 38.0 23.5 6.4 85.2 Alcohol dependence 41.8 8.2 Drug abuse 63.6 44.2 13.4 3.5 95.1 Drug dependence 57.1 5.9 Panic disorder 1.6 5.8 5.1 5.0 6.2 Generalized anxiety disorder 2.5 2.7 7.2 6.6 1.2 PTSD 33.5 30.0 41.8 10.4 74.1 Antisocial personality disorder 13.8 11.9 31.6 1.2 18.5 Data are percentages of the total sample.
* Newly admitted female felons.
† Female jail detainees.
‡ Female felons serving sentence.
§ National sample of women in community.
‖ Current study sample of HIV positive women.
Lifetime History (Yes/No) Lifetime PTSD n = 60 Lifetime No PTSD n = 21 Overall n = 81 Psychiatric inpatient 30 (50.0) 6 (28.6) 36 (44.4) Outpatient treatment* 29 (48.3) 4 (19.0) 33 (40.7) Psychiatric medications* 49 (81.7) 8 (38.1) 57 (70.4) Suicide attempts* 34 (56.7) 5 (23.8) 39 (48.1) Methadone maintenance 31 (51.7) 9 (42.9) 40 (49.4) HIV Medications 44 (73.3) 17 (81.0) 61 (75.3) Other Nonpsychiatric medications (Chronic)† 18 (30.0) 8 (38.1) 26 (32.1) Data are the number of subjects (percentage of the total group).
* p < .05 on 2 × 2 chi square comparisons.
† Chronic refers to medications taken for at least six months consecutively for a condition present for at least six months.
- Table 6
Model of the Strength of Association of Variables with Past Outpatient Psychiatric Treatment
Variable Coefficient SE Wald df p Odds Ratio 95% CI† Lifetime PTSD* 1.23 0.63 3.88 1 .05 3.42 1.00–11.65 Lifetime major depression 0.66 0.48 1.91 1 .17 1.94 0.76–4.98 * Significance at p < 0.05 in logistic regression.
† Confidence interval.
- Table 7
Model of the Strength of Association of Variables with Past Psychiatric Medication Treatment
Variable Coefficient SE Wald df p Odds Ratio 95% CI† Lifetime PTSD 1.80 0.58 9.68 1 .01 6.05 1.97–18.81 Lifetime major depression 1.18 0.58 4.14 1 .04 3.25 1.04–10.12 * Significance at p < 0.05 in logistic regression.
† Confidence interval.
Variable Coefficient SE Wald df P Odds Ratio 95% CI† Lifetime PTSD 1.20 0.60 3.97 1 .05 3.32 1.02–10.77 Lifetime major depression 0.59 0.48 1.47 1 .23 1.80 0.70–4.61 Antisocial personality disorder 0.42 0.64 0.44 1 .51 1.53 0.44–5.34 * Significance at p < 0.05 in logistic regression.
† Confidence interval.