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Author Sex Age, y Clinical Presentation Caffeinated Beverage Estimated Daily Caffeine Intake, mg Preexisting Psychiatric Diagnosis Quadri et al9 Female 17 Mania Energy drinks 600 × 1 week None Krankl and Gitlin10 Female 69 Mania Coffee/cola 840 None Cruzado et al11 Female 31 Mania Energy drinks 1,000–1,810 None Ogawa and Ueki12 Male 43 Mania Coffee 660–1,320 None Kunitake et al13 Male 54 Mania Coffee 1,300–2,000 Bipolar spectrum Machado-Vieira et al14 Male 36 Mania Energy drinks 300–400 Bipolar spectrum Tondo and Rudas15 Female 50 Mania Espresso 900–1,500 Bipolar spectrum Hernandez-Huerta et al16 Male 18 Psychosis Energy drinks 480 None Govil17 Male 35 Psychosis Source unclear 1,600 None Görgülü et al18 Male 21 Psychosis Energy drinks Unknown None Hedges et al19 Male 47 Psychosis Coffee “High intake” None Shaul et al20 Female 18 Psychosis Diuretic/caffeine pill 4,800 Anorexia nervosa, no history of psychosis Peng et al21 Male 49 Psychosis Coffee 600 Schizophrenia Menkes22 Male 27 Psychosis Coffee, energy drinks 600–1,305 Schizophrenia Cerimele et al23 Male 43 Psychosis Energy drinks 1,280–1,600 Schizophrenia Tibrewal and Dhillon24 Male 52 Psychosis Coffee 960–5,000 Schizophrenia Lucas et al25 12 male, 1 female 18–36 Psychosis (exacerbation) Intravenous; double-blind placebo, controlled 10 mg/kg Schizophrenia
