Table 1

Duties of a Physician Working in Different Roles as Described by Dialectical Principlism

	Forensic Role	Treatment Role	Research Role	Administrative Role
Primary Societal Value	Advancing justice	Advancing patient welfare	Advancing scientific knowledge	Advancing distributive justice
Proximal Duties	Truth-tellingRespect for persons	Respect for autonomyBeneficenceNonmaleficence	Foster internal and external validity of experiments	Allocation of resources for maximal good in the system
Distal Duties	Consideration of the evaluee’s welfareConsideration of the retaining attorney’s caseConsideration of societal expectations for physiciansConsideration of personal values	Protecting vulnerable third partiesDistributive justice and other societal considerationsConsideration of employer or organizationConsideration of personal well-being or safety	Consideration of the research subject’s welfare via: Fair subject selection Favorable risk-benefit ratio Safety Informed consent Respect for persons	Consideration of welfare of the individual patient receiving care via: Autonomy Beneficence Nonmaleficence