Table of Study Characteristics
| Citation | Study Type | Study N | % Non-White | % Female | % RTC | Statistical Analysis | Raters Agreed on Quality Rating | Final Quality Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Advokat CD, Guidry D, Burnett DM, Manguno-Mire G, Thompson J,Jr. Competency restoration treatment: differences between defendants declared competent or incompetent to stand trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2012;40(1):89-97. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/40/1/89.full.pdf | Case control | 63 | 73.0 | 17.5 | 68.3 | Chi-squares, paired t-tests | Yes | Fair |
| Anderson SD, Hewitt J. The effect of competency restoration training on defendants with mental retardation found not competent to proceed. Law Hum Behav. 2002;26(3):343-351. doi:10.1023/a:1015328505884 | Case series | 75 | 57.3 | 6.7 | 33.3 | Logistic regression | No | Poor |
| Arredondo BC, Marcopulos BA, Brand JG, Campbell KT, Kent JA. Cognitive functioning and adjudicative competence: Defendants referred for neuropsychological evaluation in a psychiatric inpatient setting. Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;31(8):1432-1448. doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1317032 | Case series | 45 | 46.7 | 33.3 | 66.7 | Chi-squares, t-tests | Yes | Fair |
| Bartos BJ, Renner M, Newark C, McCleary R, Scurich N. Characteristics of forensic patients in California with dementia/Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Forensic Nursing. 2017;13(2):77-80. doi:10.1097/JFN.0000000000000143 | Case series | 46,798 | 59.8 | 14.5 | n/a | Chi-squares, t-tests | No | Poor |
| Beckham JC, Annis LV, Bein MF. Don't pass go: Predicting who returns from court as remaining incompetent for trial. Crim Justice Behav. 1986;13(1):99-109. doi:10.1177/0093854886013001007 | Case series | 101 | n/a | n/a | n/a | Stepwise discriminant analysis | Yes | Fair |
| Bertman LJ, et al. Effect of an individualized treatment protocol on competency restoration in pretrial forensic inpatients. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2003;31(1): 27-35. https://jaapl.org/content/31/1/27 | Case control | 26 | 26.9 | 0.0 | n/a | Power analysis, intraclass correlations, ANOVA | Yes | Fair |
| Blancett SL. The predictive utility of the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition, for adjudicative competency restoration length of stay. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 3604309 ed. Dissertation. Fielding Graduate University; 2013. | Case series | 114 | 71.9 | 36.0 | 48.3 | Power analysis, data screening, correlational analyses, hierarchical linear regression | Yes | Fair |
| Bloom JD, Hansen TE, Blekic A. Competency to stand trial, civil commitment, and Oregon State Hospital. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2022;50(1): 67-73. https://jaapl.org/content/early/2021/12/08/JAAPL.210055-21 | Survey | 8,269 | n/a | n/a | n/a | Descriptive | Yes | Poor |
| Broderick C, Azizian A, Warburton K. Length of stay for inpatient incompetent to stand trial patients: importance of clinical and demographic variables. CNS Spectr. 2020;25(5):734-742. doi:10.1017/S1092852920001273 | Case series | 20,040 | 64.3 | 18.7 | n/a | Kaplan-Meier analyses, Weibull parametric survival regression | No | Good |
| Cabeldue M, Green D, McGrath RE, Belfi B. Factors related to repeat forensic hospital admissions for restoration of competency to stand trial. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice. 2021;21(2):91-117. doi:10.1080/24732850.2020.1834834 | Case series | 465 | 85.6 | 10.3 | n/a | Descriptive, Chi-squares, t-tests, logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Colwell LH, Gianesini J. Demographic, criminogenic, and psychiatric factors that predict competency restoration. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2011;39(3):297-306. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/39/3/297.full.pdf | Case series | 71 | 60.6 | 0.0 | 74.7 | Logistic regression | No | Poor |
| Davis DL. Assessment of competency to stand trial. American Journal of Forensic Psychology. 1986;4(1):5-17. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-04372-001 | Case series | 25 | n/a | 24.0 | n/a | Descriptive, t-test | Yes | Poor |
| Einzig SS. Predicting New York's Jacksoned defendants. Proquest Order No. 10142344 ed. Dissertation. University of Hartford; 2016. | Case control | 44 | 81.8 | 25.0 | 50.0 | Chi-squares, t-tests, logistic regression | Yes | Poor |
| Ghossoub E, Minchin S, Hayreh D, Newman WJ. Long-Acting Injectable versus oral antipsychotics for restoration of competency to stand trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2019;47(4):440-447. doi:10.29158/JAAPL.003866-19 | Case series | 307 | 38.1 | 18.2 | 79.5 | Chi-squares, Mann-Whitney test, hierarchical linear regression | Yes | Fair |
| Ghossoub E, Salem A, Minchin S, Hayreh D, Newman WJ. A retrospective review of the use of Clozapine in restoration of competency to stand trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2021;49(1):42-48. doi:10.29158/JAAPL.200051-20 | Case control | 240 | 40.4 | 20.0 | 81.3 | Descriptive, Chi-squares, Mann-Whitney test | Yes | Fair |
| Gillis A, Holoyda B, Newman WJ, Wilson MD, Xiong GL. Characteristics of misdemeanants treated for competency restoration. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2016;44(4):442-450. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/44/4/442.full.pdf | Case series | 221 | 57.9 | 26.2 | 68.8 | Chi-squares, t-tests, multiple logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Grandjean NR. Neuropsychological predictors of incompetency to stand trial in defendants referred for competency restoration. Dissertation Abstracts International, 66 (7-B), 3947. | Case series | 48 | n/a | 18.8 | 37.5 | Multiple regression, ANOVA | Yes | Poor |
| Green D. Utility of cognitive malingering measures in a forensic psychiatric sample. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 3438475 ed. Dissertation. Fordham University; 2010. | Case control | 118 | 89.8 | 11.0 | n/a | Receiver operator characteristics, Chi-squares, Mann-Whitney test, logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Grossi LM, Green D, Cabeldue M, Pivovarova E. Assessing feigning with the Feigning Evaluation INtegrating Sources (FEINS) in a forensic psychiatric sample. Psychol Serv. 2022;19(2):213-224. doi:10.1037/ser0000513 | Case series | 58 | 89.7 | 0.0 | n/a | Intraclass correlation coefficients, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, hierarchical linear regression | Yes | Good |
| Grossi LM, Green D, Schneider M, Belfi B, Segal S. Personality, psychiatric, and cognitive predictors of length of time for competency to stand trial restoration. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. 2018;17(2):167-180. doi:10.1080/14999013.2018.1459964 | Case series | 136 | 77.2 | 0.0 | 97.8 | t-tests, correlational analysis | Yes | Fair |
| Herbel BL, Stelmach H. Involuntary medication treatment for competency restoration of 22 defendants with delusional disorder. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35(1):47-59. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/35/1/47.full.pdf | Case series | 22 | 31.8 | 0.0 | 77.3 | Descriptive | No | Poor |
| Hoge SK, Poythress N, Bonnie R, et al. Mentally ill and nonmentally ill defendants' abilities to understand information relevant to adjudication: a preliminary study. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1996;24(2):187-97. https://jaapl.org/content/24/2/187 | Case control | 84 | 46.4 | 0.0 | n/a | t-tests | Yes | Fair |
| Karyadis KA, Nitch SR, Kinney DI, Britt WG 3rd. Decision making of forensic psychiatric inpatients deemed incompetent to stand trial. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2022;29(1):66-76. doi:10.1080/23279095.2019.1709847 | Case series | 41 | 65.6 | 22.0 | n/a | t-tests, Mann-Whtiney test, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, repeated measures ANOVA | Yes | Fair |
| Kennedy JD. Diagnosis, instant offense, substance history, and trial competency: An explorative study. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 3286468 ed. Dissertation. George Fox University; 2007. | Case series | 240 | 29.6 | 17.9 | n/a | Descriptive, Spearman correlation, ANOVA | Yes | Fair |
| Kivisto AJ, Porter Staats ML, Connell R. Development and validation of a typology of criminal defendants admitted for inpatient competency restoration: A latent class analysis. Law Hum Behav. 2020;44(6):449-460. doi:10.1037/lhb0000398 | Case series | 492 | 39.0 | 0.0 | 87.8 | Latent class analysis | Yes | Good |
| Ladds B, Convit A, Zito J, Vitrai J. Involuntary medication of patients who are incompetent to stand trial: A descriptive study of the New York experience with judicial review. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1994;21(4):529-45. https://jaapl.org/content/21/4/529 | Case series | 68 | 63.2 | 1.5 | 57.4 | Chi-squares, t-tests | Yes | Fair |
| Ladds B, Convit A, Zito J, Vitrai J. The disposition of criminal charges after involuntary medication to restore competency to stand trial. J Forensic Sci. 1993;38(6):1442-59. https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs13550j | Case series | 68 | n/a | 1.5 | n/a | Descriptive | Yes | Poor |
| Lemons A, Iuppa CA, Kriz CR, et al. Antipsychotic factors related to time to competency for forensic inpatients in a state psychiatric facility. Ment Health Clin. 2022;12(3):175-180. doi:10.9740/mhc.2022.06.175 | Case series | 117 | 28.2 | 26.5 | 100.0 | Welch ANOVA, Welch t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test | Yes | Fair |
| Lesser, FI. Formulating a prediction model for regaining competency to stand trial. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 9016493 ed. Dissertation. Florida State University; 1989. | Case series | 136 | 60.3 | 0.0 | 61.0 | t-tests, discriminant factor analysis | Yes | Fair |
| McDermott BE, Newman WJ, Meyer J, Scott CL, Warburton K. The utility of an admission screening procedure for patients committed to a state hospital as incompetent to stand trial. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. 2017;16(4):281-292. doi:10.1080/14999013.2017.1356890 | Case series | 837 | 58.3 | 8.5 | 83.8 | MANOVA, Chi-squares | Yes | Fair |
| McDermott BE, Warburton K, Auletta-Young C. A longitudinal description of incompetent to stand trial admissions to a state hospital. CNS Spectr. 2020;25(2):223-236. doi:10.1017/S1092852919001342 | Case series | 3,158 | 57.2 | 25.4 | n/a | Frequency distribution, Chi-squares, ANOVA | No | Fair |
| Morris DR. Charge, severity, and aggression during competence restoration. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2022;JAAPL; 50(3):388-395. https://jaapl.org/content/50/3/388 | Case series | 655 | n/a | 0.0 | n/a | Tests of proportions | Yes | Fair |
| Morris DR, DeYoung NJ. Long-term competence restoration. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2014;42(1):81-90. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/42/1/81.full.pdf | Case series | 81 | 48.2 | 0.0 | 64.3 | Multivariate logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Morris DR, DeYoung NJ. Psycholegal abilities and restoration of competence to stand trial. Behav Sci Law. 2012;30(6):710-28. doi:10.1002/bsl.2040 | Case series | 455 | 48.1 | 0.0 | 81.3 | Odds ratios, logistic regression, principal component analysis, ANOVA | Yes | Fair |
| Morris DR, Parker GF. Effects of advanced age and dementia on restoration of competence to stand trial. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2009;32(3):156-60. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.02.009 | Case control | 78 | 29.5 | 9.0 | 65.4 | Chi-squares, t-tests, multiple logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Morris DR, Parker GF. Jackson's Indiana: State hospital competence restoration in Indiana. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2008;36(4):522-34. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/36/4/522.full.pdf | Case series | 1,475 | 42.3 | 12.3 | 78.5 | Tests of proportion, t-tests, multiple logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Mossman D. Predicting restorability of incompetent criminal defendants. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35(1):34-43. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/35/1/34.full.pdf | Case series | 328 | 57.0 | 14.0 | 70.1 | Stepwise logistic regression, k-fold cross validation, receiver operating characteristics | Yes | Fair |
| Mossman D, Bowen MD, Vanness DJ, et al. Quantifying the accuracy of forensic examiners in the absence of a "gold standard". Law Hum Behav. 2010;34(5):402-17. doi:10.1007/s10979-009-9197-5 | Case series | 156 | n/a | n/a | n/a | Maximum likelihood estimation algorithm, ROC analysis | Yes | Fair |
| Mueller C, Wylie AM. Examining the effectiveness of an intervention designed for the restoration of competency to stand trial. Behav Sci Law. 2007;25(6):891-900. doi:10.1002/bsl.775 | Controlled Intervention | 28 | 33.9 | 14.3 | n/a | Descriptive, ANOVA | Yes | Fair |
| Naughton M, Nulty A, Abidin Z, Davoren M, O'Dwyer S, Kennedy HG. Effects of group metacognitive training (MCT) on mental capacity and functioning in patients with psychosis in a secure forensic psychiatric hospital: a prospective-cohort waiting list controlled study. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:302. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-302 | Case control | 19 | n/a | 0.0 | n/a | Descriptive, asymptotic 2-tailed probability | Yes | Fair |
| Nicholson RA, Barnard GW, Robbins L, Hankins G. Predicting treatment outcome for incompetent defendants. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1994;22(3):367-77. https://jaapl.org/content/22/3/367 | Case series | 133 | 64.7 | 0.0 | 89.5 | Descriptive, correlational analysis, multiple regression analysis | Yes | Poor |
| Nicholson RA, Kugler KE. Competent and incompetent criminal defendants: a quantitative review of comparative research. Psychol Bull. 1991;109(3):355-370. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.355 | Meta-analysis | 8,170 | 36.6 | 10.5 | n/a | Effect size estimate, Pearson product-moment, Fisher’s Z, Cohen’s H, | Yes | Fair |
| Nicholson RA, McNulty JL. Outcome of hospitalization for defendants found incompetent to stand trial. Behav Sci Law. 1992;10(3):371-83. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370100307 | Case series | 493 | 46.9 | 11.8 | 94.7 | Power analysis, multiple regression | Yes | Fair |
| Norko MA, Cotterell MS, Hollis T. The Connecticut experience with Sell legislation. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2020;48(4):473-483. doi:10.29158/JAAPL.200005-20 | Case series | 177 | 42.0 | 25.3 | 72.9 | Descriptive | Yes | Poor |
| Patterson HR. Length of stay in forensic inpatients adjudicated as incompetent to stand trial. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 3155890 ed. Dissertation. The University of Alabama; 2004. | Case series | 617 | 65.5 | 0.0 | n/a | Poisson stepwise regression | Yes | Fair |
| Pirelli G, Gottdiener WH, Zapf PA. A meta-analytic review of competency to stand trial research. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 2011;17(1):1-53. doi:10.1037/a0021713 | Meta-analysis | 26,139 | n/a | n/a | n/a | Inter-rater reliability, odds ratios, effect size, Cohen’s D, homogeneity analysis | Yes | Good |
| Pirelli G, Zapf PA. An attempted meta-analysis of the competency restoration research: Important findings for future directions. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice. 2020;20(2):134-162. doi:10.1080/24732850.2020.1714398 | Meta-analysis | 12,781 | n/a | n/a | 81.0 | Inter-rater reliability, odds ratios, mean differences, | Yes | Good |
| Porter-Staats ML, Kivisto AJ, Connell RE. The role of cognitive functioning in predicting restoration among criminal defendants committed for inpatient restoration of competence to stand trial. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2021;74:101654. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101654 | Case series | 375 | n/a | 0.0 | 90.4 | Descriptive, logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Randolph JJ, Hicks T, Mason D, & Cuneo DJ. The competency screening test: Validation study in Cook County, Illinois. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 1982;9(4):495-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854882009004006 | Case series | 39 | n/a | 0.0 | n/a | Inter-rater reliability, descriptive | Yes | Fair |
| Renner M, Newark C, Bartos BJ, McCleary R, Scurich N. Length of stay for 25,791 California patients found incompetent to stand trial. J Forensic Leg Med. 2017;51:22-26. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2017.07.006 | Case series | 25,791 | 63.2 | 17.0 | n/a | Weibull parametric survival model | No | Fair |
| Rodenhauser P, Khamis HJ. Predictors of improvement in maximum security forensic hospital patients. Behav Sci Law. 1988;6(4):531-542. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370060409 | Case series | 186 | n/a | n/a | 56.5 | Logit model analysis, logistic regression, ANOVA | Yes | Fair |
| Rogers, TT. Post-Sell v United States: Involuntary medication for restoration of competence in a federal hospital. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 3254385 ed. Dissertation. Illinois Institute of Technology; 2007. | Pre-Post | 348 | 70.1 | 0.0 | 64.1 | t-tests, Spearman’s correlation | No | Fair |
| Roye S, Coffey CA, Nitch SR, Glassmire DM, Kinney DI. The clinical utility of the NAB Judgment Subtest among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder within a forensic inpatient setting. Assessment. 2022;29(8):1686-1699. doi:10.1177/10731911211027637 | Case series | 63 | 81.0 | 27.0 | n/a | Spearman’s rho, hierarchical linear regression, classification accuracy, t-tests | Yes | Fair |
| Schneider MA. Competency restoration across the United States. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 28963258 ed. Dissertation. Fairleigh Dickinson University; 2021 | Survey | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Descriptive, multiple regression, Chi-squares | Yes | Fair |
| Schreiber JM. The Miranda rights abilities of defendants found incompetent to stand trial. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 27546270 ed. Dissertation. Fairleigh Dickinson University; 2020. | Case series | 62 | 71.0 | 12.9 | n/a | Principal component analysis, ANOVA, multiple regression | Yes | Fair |
| Secarea CM, Cleary SD, Candilis PJ. Factors influencing adjudicative competence and length of time to restoration. J Forensic Sci. 2021;66(3):982-991. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14669 | Case series | 365 | 93.2 | 22.5 | 85.5 | Chi-squares, t-tests, multiple logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Shook, J. Demographic, legal, and clinical predictors of long-term trial competency restoration. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 27664746 ed. Dissertation. Nova Southeastern University; 2020. | Case series | 261 | 72.4 | 15.7 | 39.1 | Consecutive cases, adequate follow-up | Yes | Fair |
| Simon A. The restoration of competency to stand trial: An analysis of intervention efficacy. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 9923859 ed. Dissertation. Miami Institute of Psychology of the Caribbean Center for Advanced Studies; 1999. | Case series | 141 | 85.0 | 9.2 | 100.0 | Descriptive, multiple regression, ANOVA | Yes | Fair |
| Singh A, Delgado D, Ventura MI, Schwartz E, Williams J, Meyer JM. Clozapine use and forensic outcomes in psychiatric inpatients deemed Incompetent to Stand Trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2022;50(30): 427-433. https://jaapl.org/content/50/3/427 | Case series | 191 | 82.7 | 26.2 | 39.8 | Chi-squares, post-hoc Tukey comparison | Yes | Fair |
| Smith J. The evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial-Revised and time until competence restoration. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 28155072 ed. Dissertation. Fairleigh Dickinson University; 2021. | Case series | 210 | 78.6 | 19.5 | n/a | Chi-squares, t-tests, ANOVA | Yes | Fair |
| Stafford KP, Wygant DB. The role of competency to stand trial in mental health courts. Behav Sci Law. 2005;23(2):245-58. doi:10.1002/bsl.649 | Case series | 85 | 64.7 | 15.3 | n/a | Chi-squares, t-tests | Yes | Fair |
| Stimmel M, Green D, Belfi B, Klaver J. Exploring the accuracy and utility of the Rey Fifteen Item Test (RMT) with recognition trial in a forensic psychiatric population. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. 2012;11(1):51-58. doi:10.1080/14999013.2012.676148 | Case-control | 116 | 89.7 | 11.2 | n/a | ROC curves | Yes | Fair |
| Tarescavage AM, Glassmire DM. Differences between Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) and SIRS-2 sensitivity estimates among forensic inpatients: A criterion groups comparison. Law Hum Behav. 2016;40(5):488-502. doi:10.1037/lhb0000191 | Case-control | 263 | 77.2 | 18.2 | n/a | Sensitivity, specificity, correlational | Yes | Fair |
| Thomas TA. Predicting restoration of competence to stand trial: Demographic, clinical, and legal variables. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 3420401 ed. Dissertation. West Virginia University; 2010. | Case series | 80 | 18.8 | 0.0 | 71.3 | Chi-squares, t-tests, Fisher’s exact, logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Toofanian Ross P, Padula CB, Nitch SR, Kinney DI. Cognition and competency restoration: using the RBANS to predict length of stay for patients deemed incompetent to stand trial. Clin Neuropsychol. 2015;29(1):150-65. doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1005678 | Case series | 288 | 60.1 | 27.8 | n/a | Hierarchical linear regression, logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Upton MA, Muschett A, Kurian K, James B, Sherron T. Determining reasonableness: Identification of the nonrestorable person adjudicated incompetent to stand trial. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 2020. doi:10.1080/14789949.2020.1711958. | Case series | 271 | 71.2 | 15.5 | 47.2 | Logistic regression | Yes | Fair |
| Ustad KL, Rogers R, Sewell KW, Guarnaccia CA. Restoration of competency to stand trial: Assessment with the Georgia Court Competency Test and the Competency Screening Test. Law Hum Behav. 1996;20(2):131-146. doi:10.1007/BF01499351 | Case series | 111 | 65.8 | 0.0 | n/a | Descriptive, Cronbach’s coefficient, factor analysis | Yes | Fair |
| Wall BW, Christopher PP. A training program for defendants with intellectual disabilities who are found incompetent to stand trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2012;40(3):366-73. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/40/3/366.full.pdf | Case-control | 30 | 40.0 | 20.0 | 86.7 | Descriptive | Yes | Poor |
| Wall BW, Krupp BH, Guilmette T. Restoration of competency to stand trial: A training program for persons with mental retardation. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2003;31(2):189-201. http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/31/2/189.full.pdf. | Case series | 15 | n/a | n/a | 33.3 | None | Yes | Poor |
| Warburton K, McDermott BE, Gale A, Stahl SM. A survey of national trends in psychiatric patients found incompetent to stand trial: reasons for the reinstitutionalization of people with serious mental illness in the United States. CNS Spectr. 2020;25(2):245-251. doi:10.1017/S1092852919001585 | Survey | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Descriptive | No | Fair |
| Warren JI, Chauhan P, Kois L, Dibble A, Knighton J. Factors influencing 2,260 opinions of defendants’ restorability to adjudicative competency. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 2013;19(4):498-508. doi:10.1037/a0034740 | Case series | 2,260 | 47.2 | 15.6 | n/a | Chi-squares, Bonferroni correction, CHAID analysis | Yes | Good |
| Warren JI, Murrie DC, Stejskal W, et al. Opinion formation in evaluating the adjudicative competence and restorability of criminal defendants: A review of 8,000 evaluations. Behav Sci Law. 2006;24(2):113-32. doi:10.1002/bsl.699 | Case series | 8,416 | 27.9 | 9.9 | n/a | Descriptive, concordance, Chi-squares, multivariate analysis, hierarchical logistic regression | Yes | Good |
| Williams W, Miller KS. The processing and disposition of incompetent mentally ill offenders. Law Hum Behav. 1981;5(4):245-261. doi:10.1007/BF01044941 | Case series | 431 | n/a | 0.0 | 81.4 | Descriptive, difference in mean squares, discriminant analysis, | Yes | Good |
| Wilson JK. Competence through cognition: Cognitive remediation and restoration of trial competence. Proquest Dissertation Order No. 3726144 ed. The University of Alabama; 2015. | Controlled Intervention | 33 | 78.8 | 0.0 | n/a | Mann-Whitney U, Chi-squares, Pearson correlations | Yes | Fair |
| Wolber GJ. The unrestorable incompetent defendant: Length of attempted restoration and factors contributing to a decision of unrestorable. American Journal of Forensic Psychology. 2008;26(3):63-77. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-10732-004 | Survey | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Descriptive | Yes | Poor |
| Wood ME, Anderson JL, Gillespie ML, Alexander AA, Backstrom-Sieh T, Glassmire DM. The association between specific competence-related abilities and competence restoration treatment. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 2019;30(2):250-269. doi:10.1080/14789949.2018.1542448 | Case series | 93 | 59.1 | 66.7 | 100.0 | MANOVA, hierarchical linear regression, ROC analysis | Yes | Fair |