Table 1

Univariate (Unadjusted) Relationships between Malingering and Demographic and Clinical Factors

Total SampleNo MalingeringMalingeringTest Statisticp-Value
n = 1,300n = 983 (75.6%)n = 317 (24.4%)
Age, mean (SD)45.7 (14.9)45.7 (12.6)45.1 (10.5)0.730.467
Sex, n (%)6.050.014
 Male808 (62.2)593 (73.4)215 (26.6)
 Female491 (37.8)390 (79.4)101 (20.6)
Education, mean (SD)12.812.8 (2.6)12.2 (2.4)3.93<.001
Education, n (%)18.46<.001
 <12 years181 (14.0)133 (73.5)48 (26.5)
 12 years or GED646 (5.0)470 (72.8)176 (27.2)
 Some college254 (19.6)190 (74.8)64 (25.2)
 College graduate215 (16.6)187 (87.0)28 (13.0)
Race, n (%)0.710.877
 White1,183 (91.3)895 (75.7)288 (24.3)
 Black71 (5.4)52 (73.2)19 (26.8)
 Hispanic22 (1.7)18 (81.8)4 (18.2)
 Other19 (1.5)14 (73.7)5 (26.3)
Case type, n (%)20.250.003
 Criminal16 (1.2)12 (75.0)4 (25.0)
 Disability19 (1.5)16 (84.2)3 (15.8)
 Fitness for duty33 (2.5)32 (97.0)1 (3.0)
 Head injury527 (40.5)382 (72.5)145 (27.5)
 Personal injury126 (9.7)109 (86.5)17 (13.5)
 Worker’s compensation573 (44.1)427 (74.5)146 (25.5)
 Other5 (0.4)4 (80.0)1 (20.0)
Lifetime presence of mental illness, n (%)3.90.048
 No94 (7.2)79 (84.0)15 (16.0)
 Yes1,206 (92.9)904 (75.0)302 (25.0)
Number of DSM-5 diagnostic categories met, n (%)11.470.009
 094 (7.2)79 (84.0)15 (16.0)
 1498 (38.3)393 (78.9)105 (21.1)
 2454 (34.9)331 (72.9)123 (27.1)
 ≥3254 (19.5)180 (70.9)74 (29.1)
  • DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; GED = general equivalency diploma; SD = standard deviation. Not all comparisons utilize 1,300 observations, as some data were missing.