Table 3

Association Between Demographic and Clinical Factors and Malingering

Odds Ratio (95% CI)Statisticp-Value
Age1 (0.99–1.01)1.540.214
Sex2.40.121
 Female0.8 (0.6–1.06)
 MaleRef
Education11.050.0009
 Less than college2.16 (1.37–3.39)
 College graduateRef
Race1.270.737
 Black1.16 (0.66–2.04)
 Hispanic0.58 (0.19–1.76)
 Other1.11 (0.38–3.19)
 WhiteRef
Referral type13.160.001
 Personal attorney0.48 (0.32–0.72)
 None0.47 (0.13–1.79)
 Opposing attorneyRef
Case type7.140.028
 Worker’s compensation1.47 (0.88–2.48)
 Head injury1.90 (1.13–3.19)
 OtherRef
Number of DSM-5 diagnostic categories met10.440.015
 00.47 (0.25–0.89)
 10.68 (0.47–0.98)
 20.96 (0.67–1.38)
 ≥3Ref 
  • CI = confidence interval; DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; GED = general equivalency diploma.