Associations Between History of Incarceration and Sociodemographic, Premorbid, Substance Use-Related, and Clinical Variables in 109 Hospitalized First-Episode Patients
| Never Incarcerated (n = 46) | History of Incarceration (n = 63) | Test Statistic, df, p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at hospitalization, y | 22.8 ± 3.8 | 23.3 ± 5.3 | NS |
| Years of education completed | 12.6 ± 2.4 | 10.9 ± 2.1 | t = 3.9, df = 107, p<.001 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 32 (69.6) | 51 (81.0) | NS |
| PAS premorbid functioning scores* | |||
| Childhood academic | 1.51 ± 0.89 | 1.72 ± 0.91 | NS |
| Early adolescence academic | 1.69 ± 0.92 | 2.10 ± 0.84 | NS |
| Late adolescence academic | 2.37 ± 1.45 | 3.42 ± 1.59 | t = 2.81, df = 65, p =.007 |
| Childhood social | 1.14 ± 1.18 | 1.29 ± 1.08 | NS |
| Early adolescence social | 1.52 ± 1.12 | 1.51 ± 1.15 | NS |
| Late adolescence social | 1.39 ± 0.90 | 1.61 ± 1.10 | NS |
| Age at first use of nicotine, y | 16.4 ± 4.0 | 15.0 ± 4.0 | NS |
| Age at first use of alcohol, y | 15.7 ± 2.9 | 15.0 ± 4.0 | NS |
| Age at first use of cannabis, y | 17.0 ± 3.6 | 15.2 ± 4.1 | t = 2.03, df = 85, p = .05 |
| SCID alcohol dependence or abuse, n (%) | 7 (15.2) | 23 (36.5) | χ2 = 6.28, df = 1, p = .01 |
| SCID cannabis dependence or abuse, n (%) | 19 (41.3) | 44 (69.8) | χ2 = 9.48, df = 1, p = .003 |
| Axis IV psychosocial problems, n | 3.7 ± 1.6 | 4.8 ± 1.9 | t = 3.14 df = 100, p = .002 |
| PANSS symptom scores | |||
| Positive symptoms | 23.1 ± 5.1 | 25.0 ± 4.8 | NS |
| Negative symptoms | 20.6 ± 6.8 | 22.0 ± 6.7 | NS |
| General psychopathology symptoms | 39.3 ± 8.1 | 44.6 ± 8.9 | t = 3.17 df = 107, p = .002 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD.
* A higher score indicates poorer premorbid functioning.