PAD Demand Correlates: Cross-Site Analyses of Characteristics Associated With Wanting PADs
| Bivariate Associations | Domain Models | Final Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
| Model 1: Demographics and social environment | ||||||
| Age above median (>44 y) | 0.88 | (0.64–1.19) | ||||
| Female | 1.43 | (1.04–1.97)* | 1.57 | (1.13–2.17)** | 1.45 | (1.05–2.01)* |
| Nonwhite | 1.45 | (1.05–2.01)* | 1.58 | (1.13–2.21)** | 1.51 | (1.08–2.11)* |
| Cohabitation | 0.99 | (0.66–1.50) | ||||
| Some college education | 0.54 | (0.31–0.95)* | 0.57 | (0.33–0.96)* | ||
| Housing categories | ||||||
| Independent living [comparison] | ||||||
| Homeless | 0.87 | (0.52–1.45) | ||||
| Living with family | 0.92 | (0.65–1.30) | ||||
| Staffed residence | 0.81 | (0.35–1.84) | ||||
| Income above median (>$700) | 0.90 | (0.65–1.25) | ||||
| Social support | 1.12 | (0.78–1.60) | ||||
| Social support for treatment | 1.22 | (0.89–1.67) | ||||
| Model significance | LR = 19.41, df = 3**** | |||||
| Model 2: Clinical variable model | ||||||
| Psychotic disorder | 0.84 | (0.61–1.14) | ||||
| Substance abuse | 1.30 | (0.87–1.95) | ||||
| BPRS score above median (>30) | 1.28 | (0.94–1.75) | ||||
| GAF score above median (>47) | 1.00 | (0.71–1.41) | ||||
| Insight score above median (>18) | 1.21 | (0.89–1.65) | ||||
| Self harm | 1.77 | (1.25–2.54)** | 1.77 | (1.26–2.49)** | 1.67 | (1.17–2.39)** |
| Model significance | LR = 11.29, df = 1*** | |||||
| Model 3: Treatment and systems utilization | ||||||
| Past hospitalizations above median (>3) | 1.05 | (0.77–1.43) | ||||
| Time in treatment above median (>20 years) | 0.88 | (0.64–1.21) | ||||
| Picked up by the police in past 6 mo (treatment) | 1.80 | (0.81–4.51) | ||||
| Picked up by the police in past 6 mo (arrest) | 4.10 | (1.27–21.06)* | 3.58 | (1.08–11.87)* | 3.39 | (1.00–11.44)* |
| Outpatient visits above median (>2 monthly) | 1.52 | (1.06–2.19)* | 1.45 | (1.03–2.06)* | 1.39 | (0.97–1.98)† |
| Involuntary commitment | — | (0.41–2.28)‡ | ||||
| Treatment satisfaction above median (>52) | 1.12 | (0.82–1.53) | ||||
| Drug Attitudes Inventory above median (>8) | 0.94 | (0.69–1.29) | ||||
| Medication compliance above median (>3) | 1.48 | (1.07–2.06)* | 1.41 | (1.02–1.96)* | ||
| Appointment compliance above median (>3) | 1.34 | (0.95–1.91)† | ||||
| Model significance | LR = 116.57, df = 3*** | |||||
| Model 4: Leverage Model | ||||||
| Outpatient commitment | 1.29 | (0.81–2.09) | ||||
| Criminal justice leverage | 0.83 | (0.58–1.19) | ||||
| Representative payee | 1.17 | (0.70–2.02) | ||||
| Housing | 1.31 | (0.93–1.85) | ||||
| Pressure to take medications above median (>1) | 1.81 | (1.31–2.52)*** | 1.73 | (1.26–2.38)*** | 1.59 | (1.14–2.23)** |
| Pressure to keep appointments above median (>1) | 1.66 | (1.19–2.35)** | ||||
| Perceived coercion above median (>7.23) | 0.96 | (0.70–1.32) | ||||
| Autonomy above median (>24) | 0.69 | (0.51–0.95)* | 0.76 | (0.56–1.03)† | 0.71 | (0.51–0.98)* |
| Model significance | LR = 17.55, df = 2**** | LR = 46.25, df = 7**** | ||||
A common odds ratio with cluster-corrected confidence interval is given only if all five sites’ odds ratios were determined by Zelen’s test (p < 0.05) to represent a sampling distribution from a common population. Results were produced by logistic regression. Where there is no common odds ratio, the confidence interval gives the range of odds ratios across sites.
Statistical Significance:
† p < 0.10 (trend);
* p < .05;
** p < .01;
*** p < .001;
**** p < .0001.
‡ Significantly positive at one site, significantly negative at one site.