Transcription Symbols
| Symbol | Indication |
|---|---|
| Comma | Downturn in vocal tone |
| Question mark | Upturn in vocal tone |
| Colon(s): “lo::ng” | Prolongation of tone |
| Period | Completion of an utterance |
| Group of two to three periods: “he said…” | Long pause |
| Number in parentheses: (0.5) | Timed silence (in seconds) |
| Paired equal signs: last time= =no | Latching (no pause before next speaker's utterance) |
| Paired brackets, e.g. [so he said it] [yeah] | Conversational overlap |