A Universal List of Communicative Means Documented in Various Cultures and Used to Key Performance
| Name of Technique | Explanatory Examples |
|---|---|
| Special formulae signaling performance | Conventional openings and closings |
| Special codes | Archaic or esoteric language reserved for the performance ritual |
| Figurative language | Metaphors |
| Special patterns of tempo, stress, pitch | Expert's manipulation of voice and technical mastery of the microphone and other electronic aids |
| Appeal to tradition | Reliance on images linked to psychiatry; appearance of being thoughtful, pensive |
Adapted from Bauman R: Verbal art as performance (Ref. 13, p 295).