Characteristics Associated With Increased Risk of Violation of Protection Orders
| Characteristic | Studies Reporting That the Characteristic Was Associated With Increased Risk of Violation, Listed According to the Focus/Context of the Study | Studies of the Characteristic That Did Not Find It to Be Associated With Risk of Violation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intimate Partner Violence | Stalking | Defendant | ||
| Time | ||||
| Less time since protection order implementation | 5, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22 | 20 | ||
| Victim characteristics | ||||
| Male | 14 | |||
| Low socioeconomic status | 18, 24 | |||
| Biological children with defendant | 16, 18 | 16 | 17 | |
| African-American | 18, 24 | |||
| Substance abuse history | 24 | |||
| Perpetrator characteristics | ||||
| Violence history/criminal history | 12, 16, 17 | 15, 16 | ||
| Younger age | 17 | |||
| Male | 15 | |||
| Substance abuse history | 12 | 15 | 17 | |
| Less than full-time employment | 12 | |||
| Mental health system contact | 15 | 17 | ||
| Relationship factors | ||||
| Living separately | 16 | 16 | 17 | |
| Type of abuse (stalking vs. other) | 23 | 14, 23 | ||
| Shorter relationship duration | 18 | |||
| Legal system factors | ||||
| No arrest at the time of protection order placement | 18 | 16, 17 | ||
| Perceived adequacy of the protection order | 16 | 16 | ||
| Nonmutual protection order (vs. mutual) | 18 | |||
| No-contact protection orders (vs. contact) | 17 | |||