Table 1

Case Reports of Caffeine-Induced Mania and Psychosis

Author	Sex	Age, y	Clinical Presentation	Caffeinated Beverage	Estimated Daily Caffeine Intake, mg	Preexisting Psychiatric Diagnosis
Quadri et al9	Female	17	Mania	Energy drinks	600 × 1 week	None
Krankl and Gitlin10	Female	69	Mania	Coffee/cola	840	None
Cruzado et al11	Female	31	Mania	Energy drinks	1,000–1,810	None
Ogawa and Ueki12	Male	43	Mania	Coffee	660–1,320	None
Kunitake et al13	Male	54	Mania	Coffee	1,300–2,000	Bipolar spectrum
Machado-Vieira et al14	Male	36	Mania	Energy drinks	300–400	Bipolar spectrum
Tondo and Rudas15	Female	50	Mania	Espresso	900–1,500	Bipolar spectrum
Hernandez-Huerta et al16	Male	18	Psychosis	Energy drinks	480	None
Govil17	Male	35	Psychosis	Source unclear	1,600	None
Görgülü et al18	Male	21	Psychosis	Energy drinks	Unknown	None
Hedges et al19	Male	47	Psychosis	Coffee	“High intake”	None
Shaul et al20	Female	18	Psychosis	Diuretic/caffeine pill	4,800	Anorexia nervosa, no history of psychosis
Peng et al21	Male	49	Psychosis	Coffee	600	Schizophrenia
Menkes22	Male	27	Psychosis	Coffee, energy drinks	600–1,305	Schizophrenia
Cerimele et al23	Male	43	Psychosis	Energy drinks	1,280–1,600	Schizophrenia
Tibrewal and Dhillon24	Male	52	Psychosis	Coffee	960–5,000	Schizophrenia
Lucas et al25	12 male, 1 female	18–36	Psychosis (exacerbation)	Intravenous; double-blind placebo, controlled	10 mg/kg	Schizophrenia