Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Establishing stalker type on the basis of limited information from the victim.
Tables
- Table 1
The Stalker’s Clinical Risk Factors and Future Hazards Specific to the Stalking Situation
Risk Factor Management Possibilities Clinical Attitudes toward, and beliefs about, the victim that sustain stalking Appropriate legal interventions; CBT* and focused psychotherapies aimed at such areas as abandoning love, accepting loss, confronting misperceptions The conviction that the stalker is right to engage in stalking Enhancing victim empathy; confronting false attributions using CBT The refusal to engage in any therapy, or conform to legally imposed restrictions on access to the victim Ultimately confronting stalker with consequences (e.g. through breaching parole, referring back to court, etc.); employing motivational interviewing strategies to assist the stalker to appreciate the need for intervention Social incompetence Social skills training, therapies aimed at enhancing self-efficacy Paraphilia Sex offender program incorporating CBT with or without pharmacotherapy, as indicated Future hazards Likely future contact with the victim Every effort should be made to enforce a total ban on direct contact or direct communications Lack of a feasible set of plans for avoiding a recurrence of stalking Ensure structured plan around avoiding provocations and using protections against stalking; CBT to assist the stalker to overcome the compulsionto stalk The underlying precipitants remain unresolved Focused psychotherapy aimed at the areas identified in the formulation; social skills training for the inept; assistance abandoning the relationship; the treatment of paraphilias using CBT with or without pharmacotherapy, as indicated Continuing instability to obtain residence and/or employment Assistance obtaining housing; career counseling and active employment rehabilitation as indicated and appropriate Continuing social isolation Use of clubs, day centers, recreational counseling, domestic pets Likely low level of compliance with legal restraints on contact with victim Ensure knowledge of consequences of breaches and never collude, implicitly or explicitly, with avoiding those consequences Likely low level of cooperation with any treatment program Use of compulsory community treatment orders either imposed by court or as part of mental health legislation * CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy.
- Table 2
The Clinical Risk Factors and Future Hazards in the Victim That Aggravate Risks Presented by Stalkers
Risk Factors Potential Management Clinical Unwillingness to make use of legal protection Advice and practical assistance in accessing police and other legal protection, advocacy when indicated Unwillingness to engage in therapy and take advice Encouragement to join stalking survivor groups and provision of information about stalking Future hazards Anything that will compel ongoing contact with the stalker (e.g. joint custody of children, shared work environment) Strongly encourage total ban on direct contact or direct communication; provide direction for services to assist with managing any potentialfor contact Initiating contact with the stalker, out of guilt or just an inability to leave well enough alone, or through misguided efforts to negotiate an end to the harrassment Counseling and information on stalking; stalking survivor groups; reinforcing no direct contact, no direct communications Continuing to reject the use of legal protection and therapeutic support, or abandoning the services that have previously failed Counseling to restore confidence in services and to provide active advocacy with law enforcement agencies and increased security Becoming caught up in attempting to fight back rather than reduce risk Information and counseling on hazards of this approach; counseling aimed at managing anger more constructively
