Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Baseline Differences Between Cocaine Users With and Without Criminal Justice Involvement
Variable No Criminal Justice Involvement(n = 188) Criminal Justice Involvement(n = 55) χ2/F p A Baseline Differences Across Demographic and Psychiatric Characteristics Age, mean (SD) years 33.05 ± 6.60 31.18 ± 6.30 3.46 .06 Race, % (n) African American 42.5 (79) 47.3 (26) 5.45 .14 Hispanic 3.2 (6) 9.1 (5) White 53.8 (100) 41.8 (23) Male, % (n) 71.5 (133) 78.2 (43) 0.96 .33 Employed, % 51.1 (95) 40.0 (22) 2.08 .15 Married/cohabiting, % 21 (39) 12.7 (7) 1.87 .17 Education level, % High school, college or more 78.5 (68) 60 (14) 7.76 .02 Less than high school grad 21.5 (40) 40 (22) Lifetime psychiatric disorder, n (%) Alcohol dependence 51.1 (90) 35.3 (18) 3.98 .05 Antisocial personality disorder 38.7 (55) 55.8 (24) 3.94 .05 Any depressive disorder 25.1 (20) 27.1 (6.5) 2.97 .36 Any anxiety disorder 2.1 (4) 2.4 (1) 0.58 .45 B Baseline Differences Across Substance Abuse Characteristics Previous outpatient treatment .83 ± 2.62 .75 ± 1.31 0.05 .83 Previous inpatient treatment .61 ± 1.27 .94 ± 1.79 2.23 .14 Pretreatment drug use, mean (SD) days in past 28 Cocaine 13.32 ± 8.38 14.40 ± 8.91 0.69 .40 Marijuana 3.50 ± 7.48 3.65 ± 7.17 0.94 .90 Alcohol 8.05 ± 12.92 5.81 ± 7.90 1.47 .23 Years of drug use, mean (SD) Cocaine 8.91 ± 5.92 9.29 ± 7.01 0.16 .69 Marijuana 8.45 ± 7.04 9.18 ± 7.15 0.41 .52 Alcohol 13.37 ± 7.82 11.22 ± 6.61 3.41 .07 ASI composite scores Medical .11 ± .21 .08 ± .18 0.99 .32 Legal .07 ± .15 .18 ± .23 18.21 .00 Alcohol .25 ± .29 .37 ± .37 6.64 .01 Drug .37 ± 34 .35 ± .32 0.23 .63 Employment .54 ± .30 .67 ± .25 9.13 .00 Family .22 ± .17 .25 ± .19 1.05 .31 Psychiatric .20 ± .20 .20 ± .18 0.02 .90 Total time in jail or prison 4.70 ± 17.53 9.30 ± 19.20 2.75 .10 Number of arrests 5.94 ± 14.31 13.23 ± 20.21 8.97 .00 Number of convictions 1.62 ± 3.22 3.18 ± 4.09 17.38 .00 No Criminal JusticeInvolvement(Mean) Criminal JusticeInvolvement(Mean) Time Time × Group Group Precontemplation n = 92 n = 28 Baseline 2.4 2.5 F 3.81 0.27 0.37 Post Tx 2.5 2.7 p 0.05 0.60 0.56 Contemplation n = 92 n = 28 Baseline 3.56 3.37 F 5.54 1.10 0.86 Post Tx 3.47 3.13 p 0.02 0.30 0.36 Action n = 93 n = 28 Baseline 3.4 3.34 F 1.62 2.60 0.41 Post Tx 3.41 3.13 p 0.20 0.11 0.52 Maintenance n = 92 n = 28 Baseline 3.35 3.24 F 2.08 1.96 1.44 Post Tx 3.35 3.03 p 0.15 0.16 0.23 Pure action n = 92 n = 28 Baseline 0.05 0.1 F 0.05 0.00 0.04 Post Tx 0.08 0.1 p 0.83 0.94 0.84 Readiness n = 90 n = 28 Baseline 8.03 7.45 F 7.32 2.39 0.94 Post Tx 7.8 6.6 p 0.01 0.12 0.33 Higher scores on precontemplation indicate lower motivation to change. Higher scores on contemplation, action, maintenance, pure action, and readiness indicate higher motivation to change substance abuse behavior. It is also important to note that the n changes per variable due to unequal numbers of subjects per cell. Tx, treatment
Variables No Criminal JusticeInvolvement (n = 188) Criminal JusticeInvolvement (n = 55) Total(n = 243) F p Primary outcomes, mean ± SD Number of sessions attended 7.66 ± 5.07 7.61 ± 5.0 7.65 ± 5.02 0.00 .96 Days in treatment 46.5 ± 34 50 ± 33.5 47.3 ± 33.8 0.41 .52 Percentage days of alcohol abstinence 88.8 ± 19.98 92.7 ± 12.40 89.6 ± 18.6 1.56 .21 Percentage days of cocaine abstinence 42.92 ± 44.05 42.26 ± 43.84 42.78 ± 43.90 0.01 .93 Days of alcohol use 4.2 ± 7.50 4.22 ± 7.07 4.20 ± 7.39 0.00 .98 Days of cocaine use 7.51 ± 11.65 9.42 ± 10.85 7.93 ± 11.48 0.97 .33 Secondary outcomes‐90 days in treatment mean ± SD Days employed 39.37 ± 27.31 30.90 ± 25.32 37.49 ± 27.02 2.32 .13 Days of family conflict 4.36 ± 9.58 5.10 ± 9.31 4.53 ± 9.49 0.14 .71 Variables No Criminal JusticeInvolvement (n = 133) Criminal JusticeInvolvement (n = 38) Total(n = 171) F p Total number of days used cocaine, mean ± SD 77.1 ± 82.7 56.7 ± 71.3 72.43 ± 80.5 1.96 0.17 Total number of days used alcohol, mean ± SD 66.3 ± 68.0 88.2 ± 80.1 71.3 ± 71.3 2.89 0.09 Total number of arrests, mean ± SD 0.24 ± 0.61 0.50 ± 0.83 0.30 ± 0.67 4.18 0.04 Total number of days spent in prison, mean ± SD 6.73 ± 34.9 15.23 ± 40.2 8.7 ± 36.2 1.62 0.21
