Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Worst Trauma Identified by Each Inmate and Its Relationship to a Diagnosis of PTSD
Trauma Trauma in Entire Sample* Subsample: Trauma Judged Worst Subsample: Trauma Judged Worst and PTSD Diagnosis Violence victim 148 (73.6) 19 (12.8) 6 (31.6) Shot or stabbed 70 (34.8) 11 (15.7) 4 (36.4) Mugged 124 (62.7) 7 (05.6) 2 (28.6) Held captive 43 (21.4) 1 (02.3) 0 (00.0) Sexual assault victim 122 (60.7) 38 (31.1) 27 (71.1) Sexual assault by relative 61 (30.3) 21 (34.4) 15 (71.4) Sexual assault by non-relative 95 (47.3) 18 (18.9) 12 (70.6) Disaster 55 (27.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Natural disaster 53 (27.4) 0 (0.0) — Hazardous materials 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) — Illness/accident 94 (47.3) 10 (10.5) 1 (09.1) Life-threatening illness 21 (10.4) 4 (19.0) 0 (00.0) Serious accident 80 (39.8) 6 (06.3) 1 (16.7) Harm to other 188 (93.5) 103 (54.2) 56 (54.4) Seen serious injury/death 122 (60.7) 39 (32.0) 21 (53.8) Unexpected discovery of dead body 30 (14.9) 3 (10.0) 1 (33.3) Sudden death of friend/relative 172 (85.6) 53 (30.5) 30 (56.6) Terrible event of friend/relative 86 (42.8) 8 (09.3) 4 (50.0) Domestic violence 93 (46.3) 6 (06.5) 3 (50) Other* 62 (30.8) 16 (25.8) 10 (55.6) Entire sample n = 195 of 203. Data are the number of subjects (percentage of those experiencing each trauma).
- Table 2
Endorsement of PTSD Criteria by Inmates with PTSD Diagnosis and Inmates with No PTSD Diagnosis (N = 195)
PTSD Diagnostic Criteria Symptom Present n (%) PTSD Life Event(n = 103) No PTSD Life Event(n = 92) Re-experience symptoms Recurrent intrusive thoughts 100 (97.1) 76 (82.6) Recurrent distressing dreams 82 (79.6) 38 (41.3) Re-experience of trauma 89 (86.4) 43 (46.7) Psychological distress at exposure to cues 96 (93.2) 55 (59.8) Physical distress at exposure to cues 88 (85.4) 41 (44.6) Avoidance symptoms Avoidance of thoughts 87 (84.5) 50 (54.3) Avoidance of places 87 (84.5) 40 (43.5) Amnesia 30 (29.1) 6 (06.5) Diminished interest in activity 86 (83.5) 28 (30.4) Detachment and estrangement 95 (92.2) 44 (47.8) Restricted affect 71 (68.9) 30 (32.6) Sense of foreshortened future 63 (61.2) 21 (22.8) Arousal symptoms Sleep difficulty 91 (88.3) 42 (45.7) Irritability/anger 85 (82.5) 47 (51.1) Difficulty concentrating 96 (93.2) 39 (42.4) Hypervigilance 76 (73.8) 59 (64.1) Exaggerated startle response 78 (75.7) 27 (29.3) N = 195. Sample includes only inmates who reported at least one trauma and were therefore queried on PTSD criteria. Data are the number experiencing the symptom (percentage of total group).
- Table 3
Exploratory Factor Analysis of Symptom/Criteria Structure for All Traumatized Women
PTSD Symptom and Criteria Set Factor 1Intrusion Factor 2Arousal C5 Detachment and estrangement .596 .390 D3 Difficulty concentrating .615 .348 B4 Distress at exposure to symbolic event .598 .200 B5 Physiological reactivity to symbolic event .595 .294 C2 Efforts to avoid activities and events .551 .198 C1 Efforts to avoid thoughts and feelings .527 .152 B3 Feeling like event is reoccurring .513 .199 C4 Diminished interest and participation .454 .377 B1 Keeps thinking about it .398 .017 C7 Sense of foreshortened future .343 .481 B2 Distressing dreams of event .305 .602 D5 Exaggerated startle response .273 .558 C3 Inability to remember parts of the trauma −.024 .519 D1 Difficulty falling or staying asleep .434 .445 D2 Irritability or outbursts of anger .338 .408 C6 Restricted affect, for example, love .308 .416 D4 Hypervigilance .156 .224 n = 195.
