Article Figures & Data
Tables
Total (N = 4,113) PTSD (n = 1,265) Non-PTSD (n = 2,848) χ2 Sex, n(%) 1.29 Female 2,794 (67.9) 875 (69.2) 1,919 (67.4) Male 1,319 (32.1) 390 (30.8) 929 (32.6) Race,n (%) 16.55* African American or black 3,811 (93.1) 1,147 (91.5) 2,664 (93.8) Latino 30 (0.7) 9 (0.7) 21 (0.7) Asian 7 (0.2) 1 (0.1) 6 (0.2) Caucasian or white 150 (3.7) 62 (4.9) 88 (3.1) Mixed 57 (1.4) 26 (2.1) 31 (1.1) Other 39 (1.0) 9 (0.7) 30 (1.1) Highest degree, n (%) 54.77† Less than high school 979 (23.9) 335 (26.7) 644 (22.7) High school or equivalent 1,745 (42.7) 510 (40.7) 1,235 (43.5) Some college 1,037 (25.4) 336 (26.8) 701 (24.7) College or higher 331 (8.1) 73 (5.8) 258 (9.1) Employed, n (%) 34.33† No 2,825 (69.1) 946 (75.4) 1,879 (66.3) Yes 1,265 (30.9) 308 (24.6) 957 (33.7) Household monthly income, n (%) 32.64† <$249 1,036 (26.1) 377 (31.1) 659 (23.9) $250–$999 1,475 (37.2) 445 (36.6) 1,039 (37.4) $1,000–$2,000 996 (25.1) 283 (23.3) 713 (25.9) ≥$2,001 461 (11.6) 109 (9.0) 352 (12.8) Past alcohol and/or drug problems, n (%) 141.11† No 2,933 (72.3) 742 (59.7) 2,191 (77.8) Yes 1,126 (27.7) 501 (40.3) 625 (22.2) Total PTSD Non-PTSD χ2 Arrested, n (%) 67.78* No 1,749 (44.6) 425 (34.9) 1,324 (49.0) Yes 2,170 (55.4) 793 (65.1) 1,377 (51.0) Jailed, n (%) 64.88* No 1,868 (48.0) 465 (38.4) 1,403 (52.3) Yes 2,024 (52.0) 746 (61.6) 1,278 (47.7) Imprisoned, n (%) 22.77* No 3,382 (87.1) 1,002 (83.3) 2,380 (88.8) Yes 500 (12.9) 201 (16.7) 299 (11.2) Charge involving violence, n (%) 49.36* No 3,084 (79.9) 878 (73.1) 2,206 (82.9) Yes 778 (20.1) 323 (26.9) 455 (17.1) ↵* p < .001.
PSS Total Intrusive Avoidance Hyperarousal Arrested No 10.01 (11.19) 2.51 (3.47) 3.93 (4.85) .54 (4.01) Yes 14.22 (12.81) 3.41 (3.91) 5.80 (5.68) 5.01 (4.54) F = 116.70* F = 57.18* F = 118.23* F = 109.56* Jailed No 10.22 (11.26) 2.58 (3.51) 4.00 (4.86) 3.62 (4.05) Yes 14.33 (12.86) 3.42 (3.92) 5.86 (5.72) 5.06 (4.54) F = 111.64* F = 49.40* F = 116.88* F = 106.37* Imprisoned No 11.91 (12.13) 2.95 (3.73) 4.73 (5.30) 4.22 (4.32) Yes 15.16 (13.01) 3.38 (3.89) 6.46 (5.83) 5.31 (4.60) F = 30.63* F = 5.51† F = 44.60* F = 27.17* Charge involving violence No 11.35 (11.70) 2.79 (3.60) 4.55 (5.14) 4.01 (4.20) Yes 16.41 (13.60) 3.94 (4.19) 6.65 (6.02) 5.78 (4.74) F = 108.89* F = 59.39* F = 96.06* F = 104.03* Childhood Trauma, M (SD) Adult Trauma, M (SD) Arrested No 37.72 (15.12) 3.09 (2.74) Yes 43.26 (18.20) 4.98 (3.16) F = 119.89* F = 443.84* Jailed No 37.98 (15.35) 3.18 (2.79) Yes 43.57 (18.30) 5.03 (3.15) F = 121.85* F = 421.50* Imprisoned No 40.33 (16.96) 3.87 (3.01) Yes 43.96 (18.07) 5.85 (3.33) F = 21.92* F = 201.54* Charge involving violence No 39.14 (15.87) 3.78 (3.02) Yes 47.41 (20.01) 5.56 (3.16) F = 168.65* F = 230.25* -
Data are expressed as the mean (SD).
↵* p < .001.
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R2 F Change p Model (n = 3,617) 1. Demographic information 0.075 41.64 * 2. Demographics+trauma history 0.097 44.47 * 3. Demographics+trauma history+PTSD symptoms 0.101 15.03 † Final model, F(10,3616) = 40.40, p < 10−10 Beta t p Demographics Sex −0.088 −5.25 * Age −0.034 −2.01 ‡ Race −0.025 −1.60 Education −0.114 −6.95 * Employment −0.003 −0.154 Income −0.010 −0.585 Substance abuse history 0.168 9.55 * Trauma history Childhood trauma 0.096 5.39 § Adult trauma 0.060 3.47 † PTSD symptoms Total PSS 0.071 3.88 †