MMPI-2 Item Endorsements in Dissociative Identity Disorder vs. Simulators

Bethany L. Brand; Gregory S. Chasson; Cori A. Palermo; Frank M. Donato; Kyle P. Rhodes; Emily F. Voorhees

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Table 1

Group Differences on the F Scale

Item	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	DID vs. C		DID vs. UN		C vs. UN
Item	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	χ²	OR	χ²	OR	χ²	OR
12	Sexual difficulty	Most	90	76.6	59.7	3.66		13.23^*	6.08	4.78
24	Delusions	Least	5.7	27.3	32.8	9.74^*	6.25	13.25^*	8.15	0.53
66	Lack of regard for laws/enforcement	Least	1.9	28.9	49.3	15.61^*	21.19	32.70^*	50.47	6.20^*	0.42
126	Rejection of laws/enforcement	Least	3.8	16.9	53.7	5.29		34.13^*	0.03	21.67^*	5.72
138	Delusions of persecution	Least	7.5	39.0	53.7	16.04^*	7.82	28.40^*	14.23	3.15
144	Delusions of persecution	Least	7.7	37.7	49.3	14.64^*	7.25	23.60^*	11.65	1.96
150	Self-destructiveness	Most	75.5	72.7	50.7	0.12		7.65^*	0.34	7.39^*	2.59
162	Delusions of persecution	Least	1.9	29.9	41.8	16.33^*	22.15	25.71^*	37.33	2.23
168	Dissociation	Most	84.9	90.9	68.7	1.11		4.26		11.33^*	4.57
180	Awareness of psychological problems	Most	77.4	80.5	59.7	0.19		4.21		7.52^*	2.79
216	Delusions of persecution	Least	5.7	29.9	52.2	11.50^*	7.10	29.67^*	18.23	7.45^*	0.39
228	Delusions of persecution	Least	7.5	37.7	64.2	15.03^*	7.40	39.83^*	21.95	10.08^*	0.34
252	Sensory dulling	Least	7.5	35.1	41.8	13.09^*	6.62	17.75^*	8.80	0.69
270	Sadism towards animals	Least	7.5	19.5	38.8	3.58		15.42^*	7.77	6.57^*	0.38

DID group (n = 53); coached group (C; n = 77); uncoached group (UN; n = 67). Least indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 least endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale. Most indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 most endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale.
↵* p < .015 (α was adjusted by using false-discovery rate procedure).

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Table 2

Group Differences on the F_B Scale

Item	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	DID vs. C		DID vs. UN		C vs. UN
Item	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	χ²	OR	χ²	OR	χ²	OR
311	Dissociation	Most	62.3	83.1	65.2	7.21^*	2.98	0.11		6.09^*	2.63
323	Sadistic towards loved ones	Least	1.9	29.9	47.0	16.33^*	22.15	30.39^*	46.06	4.42
383	Lack of family support	Most	59.6	84.2	52.2	9.76^*	0.28	0.65		17.09^*	0.21
387	Possible alcohol abuse	Least	7.5	38.2	43.9	15.37^*	7.56	19.43^*	9.60	0.49
395	Pervasive fear	Most	41.5	68.4	73.1	9.25^*	3.05	12.25^*	3.84	0.38
463	Pervasive fear	Most	49.1	84.2	63.1	18.29^*	5.54	2.34		8.23^*	3.12
478	Hatred of family	Least	9.4	40.3	40.9	14.90^*	6.47	14.81^*	6.65	0.01
489	Substance abuse	Least	5.7	35.5	39.4	15.61^*	9.18	18.15^*	10.83	0.23
501	Viewing others as unable to help	Least	5.7	53.9	51.5	32.39^*	0.051	28.85^*	0.06	0.08
506	Suicidal ideation	Most	81.1	79.2	60.6	0.07		5.87		5.94
516	Depression	Most	47.2	75.3	54.5	10.78^*	3.42	0.64		6.81^*	2.54
525	Possible depression	Most	62.3	84.4	62.7	8.30^*	3.28	0.002		8.86^*	3.22
528	Lack of self-blame for problems	Least	7.7	42.9	57.6	18.76^*	9.00	31.57^*	16.29	3.08
540	Substance abuse	Least	9.4	55.8	49.3	29.03^*	12.14	21.68^*	9.32	0.62

DID group (n = 53); coached group (C; n = 77); uncoached group (UN; n = 67). Least indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 least endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale. Most indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 most endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale.
↵* p < .015 (α was adjusted using false discovery rate procedure).

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Table 3

Group Differences on the F_p Scale

Item	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	DID vs. C		DID vs. UN		C vs. UN
Item	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	χ²	OR	χ²	OR	χ²	OR
51	Unwilling to admit to normal flaws	Least	DID: 3.8	C: 19.5	UN: 43.3	6.81^*	0.16	24.11^*	0.05	9.57^*	3.15
66	Lack of regard for laws/enforcement	Least	DID: 1.9	C: 28.9	UN: 49.3	15.61^*	21.19	32.70^*	50.47	6.20^*	0.42
93	Unwilling to admit to normal flaws	Least	DID: 1.9	C: 13.0	UN: 25.4	4.99		12.80^*	0.06	3.61
114	Antisocial urges	Least	DID: 9.4	C: 41.6	UN: 50.7	15.91^*	6.83	23.02^*	9.89	1.22
126	Rejection of laws/enforcement	Least	DID: 3.8	C: 16.9	UN: 53.7	5.29		34.13^*	0.03	21.67^*	5.72
162	Delusions of persecution	Least	DID: 1.9	C: 29.9	UN: 41.8	16.33^*	22.15	25.71^*	37.33	2.23
193	Magical thinking and behavior	Least	DID: 9.4	C: 41.6	UN: 58.2	15.91^*	6.83	30.32^*	13.37	3.97
216	Delusions of persecution	Least	DID: 5.7	C: 29.9	UN: 52.2	11.50^*	7.10	29.67^*	18.23	7.45^*	0.39
228	Delusions of persecution	Least	DID: 7.5	C: 37.7	UN: 64.2	15.03^*	7.40	39.83^*	21.95	10.08^*	0.34
270	Sadism towards animals	Least	DID: 7.5	C: 19.5	UN: 38.8	3.58		15.42^*	7.77	6.57^*	0.38
282	Sleep abnormalities	Most	DID: 22.6	C: 75.3	UN: 64.2	35.06^*	10.43	20.57^*	6.12	2.13
291	Lack of romantic love	Most	DID: 18.9	C: 57.1	UN: 41.8	18.94^*	5.73	7.19^*	3.09	3.38
294	Physiological activation	Most	DID: 13.2	C: 32.5	UN: 47.8	6.28^*	3.16	16.11^*	6.01	3.50
322	Fear of dangerous objects	Most	DID: 30.2	C: 61.0	UN: 40.9	11.96^*	3.62	1.46		5.80
323	Sadistic towards loved ones	Least	DID: 1.9	C: 29.9	UN: 47.0	16.33^*	22.15	30.39^*	46.06	4.42
336	Mind control	Most	DID: 13.7	C: 42.1	UN: 64.6	11.55^*	4.57	30.33^*	11.48	7.12^*	0.40
387	Possible alcohol abuse	Least	DID: 7.5	C: 38.2	UN: 43.9	15.37^*	7.56	19.43^*	9.60	0.49
478	Hatred of family	Least	DID: 9.4	C: 40.3	UN: 40.9	14.90^*	6.47	14.81^*	6.65	0.01
501	Viewing others as unable to help	Least	DID: 5.7	C: 53.9	UN: 51.5	32.39^*	0.051	28.85^*	0.06	0.08
555	Fearful at home	Most	DID: 20.8	C: 70.1	UN: 57.6	30.61^*	8.96	16.45^*	5.18	2.44

DID group (n = 53); coached group (C; n = 77); uncoached group (UN; n = 67). Least indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 least endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale. Most indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 most endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale.
↵* p < .015 (α was adjusted using false discovery rate procedure).

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Table 4

Group Differences on the Sc Scale

Item	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	DID vs. C		DID vs. UN		C vs. UN
Item	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	χ²	OR	χ²	OR	χ²	OR
12	Sexual difficulty	Most	DID: 90.0	C: 76.6	UN: 59.7	3.66		13.23^*	6.08	4.78
138	Delusions of persecution	Least	DID: 7.5	C: 39.0	UN: 53.7	16.04^*	7.82	28.40^*	14.23	3.15
165	Poor memory	Most	DID: 83.0	C: 79.2	UN: 55.2	0.29		10.42^*	3.96	9.49^*	0.32
168	Dissociation	Most	DID: 84.9	C: 90.0	UN: 68.7	1.11		4.26		11.33^*	4.57
180	Awareness of psychological problems	Most	DID: 77.4	C: 80.5	UN: 59.7	0.19		4.21		7.52^*	2.79
210	Dislikes travel	Least	DID: 18.9	C: 44.2	UN: 43.9	8.97^*	0.29	8.39^*	0.30	0.001
229	Dissociation	Most	DID: 83.0	C: 93.5	UN: 71.6	3.59		2.14		12.33^*	5.70
252	Sensory dulling	Least	DID: 7.5	C: 35.1	UN: 41.8	13.09^*	6.62	17.75^*	8.80	0.69
277	Loneliness	Most	DID: 75.5	C: 83.1	UN: 61.2	1.15		2.75		8.72^*	3.12
290	Does not worry about career	Least	DID: 17.0	C: 37.7	UN: 41.8	6.49^*	0.34	8.54^*	0.29	0.26
291	Lack of romantic love	Least	DID: 18.9	C: 57.1	UN: 41.8	18.94^*	5.73	7.19^*	3.09	3.38
292	Family trauma	Most	DID: 84.9	C: 83.1	UN: 58.2	0.07		10.04^*	0.25	10.91^*	3.54
323	Sadistic towards loved ones	Least	DID: 1.9	C: 29.9	UN: 47.0	16.33^*	22.15	30.39^*	46.06	4.42
332	Masochism	Least	DID: 11.3	C: 27.3	UN: 46.2	4.85		16.71^*	6.71	5.46

DID group (n = 53); coached group (C; n = 77); uncoached group (UN; n = 67). Least indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 least endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale. Most indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 most endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale.
↵* p < .015 (α was adjusted using false discovery rate procedure).

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Table 5

Group Differences on the D Scale

Item #	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	DID vs. C		DID vs. UN		C vs. UN
Item #	Item Theme	DID Group Endorsement Direction	DID Group Endorsement (%)	Coached Group Endorsement (%)	Uncoached Group Endorsement (%)	χ²	OR	χ²	OR	χ²	OR
10	Difficulty functioning at work	Most	DID: 79.2%	C: 59.7%	UN: 49.3%	5.46		11.36^*	3.93	1.59
56	Less happy than others	Most	DID: 96.2%	C: 89.6%	UN:76.1%	1.94		9.38^*	0.13	4.70
68	Not sadistic towards animals	Most	DID: 84.9%	C: 71.4%	UN: 55.2%	3.21		12.05^*	4.56	4.08
73	Low self-confidence	Most	DID: 90.6%	C: 88.2%	UN: 68.7%	0.19		8.37^*	0.23	8.17^*	3.40
127	Vulnerable to criticism	Most	DID: 90.6%	C: 68.8%	UN: 73.1%	8.56^*	0.23	5.80		0.32
142	Neurological conversion symptoms	Least	DID: 23.1%	C: 61.0%	UN: 65.7%	18.02^*	0.19	21.32^*	0.16	0.33
143	Weight changes	Most	DID: 78.8%	C: 51.9%	UN: 49.3%	9.61^*	3.45	10.90^*	3.84	0.10
165	Poor memory	Most	DID: 83.0%	C: 79.2%	UN: 55.2%	0.29		10.42^*	3.96	9.49^*	0.32
223	More anxious than others	Most	DID: 79.2%	C: 63.6%	UN: 49.3%	3.64		11.36^*	3.93	3.02
248	Blame people who take advantage of others	Most	DID: 90.6%	C: 63.6%	UN: 43.9%	12.02^*	5.49	27.98^*	12.25	5.56
260	Not humored by sexual jokes	Least	DID: 17.0%	C: 40.3%	UN: 23.9%	7.99^*	0.30	0.85		4.37

DID group (n = 53); coached group (C; n = 77); uncoached group (UN; n = 67). Least indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 least endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale. Most indicates that the item was 1 of the top 10 most endorsed items by the DID group in that particular scale.
↵* p < .015 (α was adjusted using false discovery rate procedure).