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Research ArticleRegular Articles

High-Dose Benzodiazepine Users' Perceptions and Experiences of Anterograde Amnesia

Michael Liebrenz, Marcel Schneider, Anna Buadze, Marie-Therese Gehring, Anish Dube and Carlo Caflisch
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online September 2016, 44 (3) 328-337;
Michael Liebrenz
Dr. Liebrenz is Head of the Research Division, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Mr. Schneider is Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Buadze is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Ms. Gehring is a Psychologist and Head of the Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, Ulmenhof, Sozialtherapie, Ottenbach, Switzerland. Dr. Dube is Attending Physician, County of Santa Barbara, Department of Behavioral Wellness, Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Caflisch is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Liebrenz was financially supported by the Prof. Dr. Max Cloëtta Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland and the Uniscientia Foundation, Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein.
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Marcel Schneider
Dr. Liebrenz is Head of the Research Division, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Mr. Schneider is Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Buadze is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Ms. Gehring is a Psychologist and Head of the Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, Ulmenhof, Sozialtherapie, Ottenbach, Switzerland. Dr. Dube is Attending Physician, County of Santa Barbara, Department of Behavioral Wellness, Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Caflisch is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Liebrenz was financially supported by the Prof. Dr. Max Cloëtta Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland and the Uniscientia Foundation, Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein.
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Anna Buadze
Dr. Liebrenz is Head of the Research Division, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Mr. Schneider is Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Buadze is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Ms. Gehring is a Psychologist and Head of the Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, Ulmenhof, Sozialtherapie, Ottenbach, Switzerland. Dr. Dube is Attending Physician, County of Santa Barbara, Department of Behavioral Wellness, Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Caflisch is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Liebrenz was financially supported by the Prof. Dr. Max Cloëtta Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland and the Uniscientia Foundation, Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein.
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Marie-Therese Gehring
Dr. Liebrenz is Head of the Research Division, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Mr. Schneider is Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Buadze is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Ms. Gehring is a Psychologist and Head of the Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, Ulmenhof, Sozialtherapie, Ottenbach, Switzerland. Dr. Dube is Attending Physician, County of Santa Barbara, Department of Behavioral Wellness, Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Caflisch is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Liebrenz was financially supported by the Prof. Dr. Max Cloëtta Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland and the Uniscientia Foundation, Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein.
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Anish Dube
Dr. Liebrenz is Head of the Research Division, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Mr. Schneider is Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Buadze is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Ms. Gehring is a Psychologist and Head of the Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, Ulmenhof, Sozialtherapie, Ottenbach, Switzerland. Dr. Dube is Attending Physician, County of Santa Barbara, Department of Behavioral Wellness, Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Caflisch is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Liebrenz was financially supported by the Prof. Dr. Max Cloëtta Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland and the Uniscientia Foundation, Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein.
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Carlo Caflisch
Dr. Liebrenz is Head of the Research Division, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Mr. Schneider is Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Buadze is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Ms. Gehring is a Psychologist and Head of the Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, Ulmenhof, Sozialtherapie, Ottenbach, Switzerland. Dr. Dube is Attending Physician, County of Santa Barbara, Department of Behavioral Wellness, Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Caflisch is Attending Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Liebrenz was financially supported by the Prof. Dr. Max Cloëtta Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland and the Uniscientia Foundation, Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein.
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    Table 1

    Characteristics of Study Participants

    Characteristicn (%)
    Demographic
        Gender
            Male31 (75.6)
            Female10 (24.4)
        Employment status at the time of interview
            Employed12 (29.3)
            Unemployed11 (26.8)
            Retired1 (2.4)
            On disability pension16 (39.0)
            No data1 (2.4)
    Substance use
        Years of benzodiazepine use
            <514 (34.1)
            5–912 (29.3)
            >1014 (34.1)
            Not available1 (2.4)
        Age at first benzodiazepine use, years
            <2515 (36.6)
            25–3918 (43.9)
            >407 (17.1)
            Could not recall1 (2.4)
        Maximum dosage of benzodiazepines as diazepam equivalents, mg
            <5014 (34.1)
            50–9914 (34.1)
            >10013 (31.7)
        Number of additional substances used
            04 (9.8)
            18 (19.5)
            >129 (70.7)
    Comorbid psychiatric disorders
        Number of comorbid psychiatric diagnosis groups except SUD (F2, F3, F4, F6, F9)
            010 (24.4)
            115 (36.6)
            >116 (39.0)
        Comorbid psychiatric diagnosis groups except SUD
            F2: Schizophrenia, schizotypal, delusional, and other non-mood psychotic disorders1 (2.4)
            F3: Mood [affective] disorders21 (51.2)
            F4: Anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic mental disorders12 (29.3)
            F6: Disorders of adult personality and behavior14 (34.1)
            F9: Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (e.g. ADHD)1 (2.4)
    Anterograde amnesia
        Present25 (61.0)
        Absent14 (34.1)
        No data2 (4.9)
        Most commonly associated benzodiazepine (n = 25)
            Flunitrazepam2 (8)
                (With alcohol)1 (4)
            Midazolam7 (28)
                (With alcohol)3 (12)
            Oxazepam1 (4)
            Unavailable/other combination11 (44)
        Delinquency associated with anterograde amnesia (n = 25)
            Yes15 (60)
            No5 (20)
            Unknown5 (20)
    • N = 41. SUD, substance use disorder.

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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online: 44 (3)
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
Vol. 44, Issue 3
1 Sep 2016
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High-Dose Benzodiazepine Users' Perceptions and Experiences of Anterograde Amnesia
Michael Liebrenz, Marcel Schneider, Anna Buadze, Marie-Therese Gehring, Anish Dube, Carlo Caflisch
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Sep 2016, 44 (3) 328-337;

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High-Dose Benzodiazepine Users' Perceptions and Experiences of Anterograde Amnesia
Michael Liebrenz, Marcel Schneider, Anna Buadze, Marie-Therese Gehring, Anish Dube, Carlo Caflisch
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Sep 2016, 44 (3) 328-337;
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