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Research ArticleRegular Articles

Comparing GBMI and non-GBMI Female Prisoners in Michigan

Yedishtra Naidoo, Richard Jackson and Cynthia Arfken
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online December 2018, 46 (4) 480-485; DOI: https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.003791-18
Yedishtra Naidoo
Dr. Naidoo is an Assistant Clinical Professor at McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Dr. Jackson is Senior Staff Psychiatrist at Women's Huron Valley Correctional Facility. Dr. Jackson is an Associate Clinical Professor, and Dr. Arfken is a Professor, at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Detroit, MI.
MD, FRCPC
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Richard Jackson
Dr. Naidoo is an Assistant Clinical Professor at McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Dr. Jackson is Senior Staff Psychiatrist at Women's Huron Valley Correctional Facility. Dr. Jackson is an Associate Clinical Professor, and Dr. Arfken is a Professor, at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Detroit, MI.
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Cynthia Arfken
Dr. Naidoo is an Assistant Clinical Professor at McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Dr. Jackson is Senior Staff Psychiatrist at Women's Huron Valley Correctional Facility. Dr. Jackson is an Associate Clinical Professor, and Dr. Arfken is a Professor, at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Detroit, MI.
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

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    Table 1

    Demographics and Victim Characteristics in GBMI and Non-GBMI Mentally Ill Female Prisoners

    GBMI (n = 30), n (%)Guilty (n = 30), n (%)Total (n = 60), n (%)
    Race
        Black13 (43.3)13 (43.3)26 (43.3)
        White17 (56.7)17 (56.7)34 (56.7)
    Marital Status*
        Divorced/separated16 (53.5)6 (20)22 (36.7)
        Married4 (13.3)8 (26.7)12 (20)
        Single10 (13.3)16 (53.3)26 (43.3)
    Education
        Less than high school9 (30)15 (50)24 (40)
        High school or equivalent15 (50)12 (40)27 (45)
        College6 (20)3 (10)9 (15)
    Employment
        Employed3 (10)5 (16.7)8 (13.3)
        Unemployed27 (90)25 (83.3)52 (86.7)
    Source of Income
        Job2 (6.7)4 (13.3)6 (10)
        SSI/SSD/family16 (53.3)6 (20)22 (36.7)
        None*12 (40)20 (66.7)32 (53.3)
    Victim Gender
        Male16 (53.3)16 (53.3)32 (53.3)
        Female14 (46.7)14 (46.7)28 (46.7)
    Victim Relationship
        Child7 (23.3)2 (6.7)9 (15)
        Spouse6 (20)4 (13.3)10 (16.7)
        Other family member4 (13.3)4 (13.3)8 (13.3)
        Friend/acquaintance/stranger13 (43.4)20 (66.7)33 (55)
    • GBMI, guilty but mentally ill; SSI, Social Security insurance; SSD, Social Security disability.

    • ↵* χ2 test, p < .05.

    • View popup
    Table 2

    Violence Tickets and Time on Acute/RTP Units in GBMI and Non-GBMI Mentally Ill Female Prisoners

    GBMI Mean RankGuilty Mean Rank
    Total offenses*24.6736.33
    Acute+RTP/12 months (%)29.8231.18
    Violence tickets in first year30.2330.77
    • ↵* Mann-Whitney, t-test, p < .05.

    • View popup
    Table 3

    Axis I and II Disorders in GBMI and Non-GBMI Mentally Ill Female Prisoners

    GBMI, n (%)Guilty, n (%)Total, n (%)
    Axis I Disorders
        Schizophrenia2 (6.7)1 (3.3)3 (5)
        Schizoaffective disorder5 (16.7)6 (20)11 (18.3)
        Other psychotic disorder4 (13.3)1 (3.3)5 (8.3)
        Major Depressive disorder4 (13.3)7 (23.3)11 (18.3)
        Bipolar disorder6 (20)6 (20)12 (20)
        Other12 (40)7 (23.3)19 (31.7)
        Alcohol dependence16 (53.3)15 (50)28 (46.7)
        Cannabis dependence15 (50)17 (56.7)32 (53.3)
        Cocaine dependence*10 (33.3)18 (60)28 (46.7)
        LSD use3 (10)1 (3.3)4 (6.7)
        Opioid dependence2 (6.7)4 (13.3)6 (10)
    Substance abuse at time of crime*11 (36.7)6 (20)12 (20)
    Axis II Disorders
        Borderline personality disorder10 (33.3)4 (13.3)14 (23.3)
        Antisocial personality disorder*5 (16.7)15 (50)20 (33.3)
        Other0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)
    • ↵* χ2 test, p < .05.

    • View popup
    Table 4

    Violence Tickets and Time on Acute/RTP Units in Axis I and II Disorders in the Combined GBMI and non-GBMI Mentally Ill Population

    Mean RankMean
    (+)Disorder(−)Disorder(+)Disorder(−)Disorder
    Affective Disorders*
        Acute+RTP/12 months, %29.7830.9522.0920.68
        Violence tickets in first year26.8032.800.741.11
    Psychotic Disorders†
        Acute+RTP/12 months, %‡38.7926.6633.4715.54
        Violence tickets in first year31.5330.021.050.93
    Borderline Personality Disorder
        Acute+RTP/12 months, %28.3231.1618.8321.95
        Violence tickets in first year§45.9325.802.000.65
    Antisocial Personality Disorder
        Acute+RTP/12 months, %30.4330.5420.8021.43
        Violence tickets in first year35.7827.861.250.83
    • ↵* Affective disorders include bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and mood disorders not otherwise specified.

    • ↵† Psychotic disorders include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, and affective psychosis.

    • ↵‡ χ2 test, p < .05.

    • ↵§ χ2 test, p < .001.

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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online: 46 (4)
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
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1 Dec 2018
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Comparing GBMI and non-GBMI Female Prisoners in Michigan
Yedishtra Naidoo, Richard Jackson, Cynthia Arfken
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Dec 2018, 46 (4) 480-485; DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.003791-18

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Comparing GBMI and non-GBMI Female Prisoners in Michigan
Yedishtra Naidoo, Richard Jackson, Cynthia Arfken
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Dec 2018, 46 (4) 480-485; DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.003791-18
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