Criminal Recidivism in Inmates with Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

Full Sample Descriptives

Variables	Frequency (%)
Gender, n (%)
Male	8,992 (93.0)
Female	677 (7.0)
Race/ethnicity, n (%)
White	2,727 (28.5)
Black	5,407 (56.5)
Hispanic	1,394 (14.6)
Other	45 (0.5)
Marital status, n (%)
Single	6,066 (83.0)
Married	608 (8.3)
Divorced	367 (5.0)
Separated	225 (3.1)
Widowed	45 (0.6)
Education level, n (%)
Some schooling, not a HS graduate	2,420 (26.4)
HS graduate/equivalent	5,870 (64.1)
Some college and beyond	869 (9.5)
Prior arrests, mean (SD)	7.4 (7.3)
Prior convictions, mean (SD)	4.4 (4.7)
Prior DOC admissions, mean (SD)	1.1 (1.3)
Prior DOC history, n (%)
No prior admissions	4,573 (47.3)
1 prior admission	2,314 (23.9)
2 prior admissions	1,370 (14.2)
3 prior admissions	801 (8.3)
4+ prior admissions	611 (6.3)
Index incarceration offense, n (%)
Violent	2,149 (22.4)
Weapons	903 (9.4)
Property	1,497 (15.6)
Drugs	2,466 (25.6)
Community supervision violation	1,985 (20.6)
Other	615 (6.4)
Release age, mean (SD)	35.1 (10.4)
Time served (days), mean (SD)	841.8 (1082.2)

Table 2

Substance Use and Mental Health Characteristics of Sample on Release

Diagnosis	Frequency (%)
MHSNR	1,175 (12.2)
Substance use disorder, Total	4,005 (41.4)
Substance use disorder and MHSNR	1,020 (10.6)
Substance use disorder, no MHSNR	2,985 (30.9)
No substance use disorder, Total	5,664 (58.6)
No substance use disorder and MHSNR	155 (1.6)
No substance use disorder, no MHSNR	5,509 (57.0)
Diagnosed with mood disorder	997 (10.3)
Diagnosed with psychotic disorder	259 (2.7)
Prescribed antipsychotic medication	244 (2.5)
Prescribed injectable medication	36 (0.4)
Approved for involuntary medication	32 (0.3)

Table 3

Rearrest by Diagnosis

Diagnosis	Rearrest, %	Number of Rearrests, Mean (SD)
Substance abuse indication and placement on MHSNR	55.20	1.47 (2.09)
Substance abuse indication no MHSNR	58.46	1.52 (2.08)
Substance abuse total	56.83	1.50 (2.09)
No substance abuse indication and no MHSNR	48.72	1.13 (1.77)
MHSNR and no substance abuse indication	42.58	0.92 (1.48)
No substance abuse total	45.05	1.00 (1.62)
Prescription of antipsychotic meds upon release	50.41	1.39 (2.28)
Prescription of injectable antipsychotic meds upon release	44.44	1.58 (2.43)
Receiving involuntary medication in prison upon release	46.88	1.19 (1.58)
Psychotic disorder	48.65	1.29 (2.18)
Mood disorder	55.47	1.43 (1.88)

Table 4

Display of Statistical Differences

Reference Category	Comparison Group	Statistical Results
Substance Use Disorder Total (n = 4,005) x̄ = 1.50, SD = 2.09	No Substance Use Disorder (n = 5,664) x̄ = 1.00, SD = 1.62	F = 32.30 df = 2 P < .001
	Mental Illness Alone (n = 155) x̄ = 0.92, SD = 1.48	F = 32.30 df = 2 P < .001
Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorder (n = 1,020) x̄ = 1.47, SD = 2.09	Substance Use Disorder Total (n = 4,005) x̄ = 1.50, SD = 2.09	F = 27.14 df = 3 P < .001
	No Substance Use Disorder and No Mental Illness (n = 5,509) x̄ = 1.13, SD = 1.77
	Mental Illness Alone (n = 155) x̄ = 0.92, SD = 1.48