Article Figures & Data
Tables
M SD Age, years 37.7 10.7 Years of education completed 11.6 2.3 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) scale score 4.5 2.8 n % Sex, male 649 52.6 Ethnicity, non-Hispanic (n = 1,233) 1,203 97.6 Race Black or African American 773 62.6 White 404 32.7 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 5 0.4 American Indian or Alaska Native 4 0.3 Asian 2 0.2 Other (e.g., identified as more than one race) 46 3.7 Marital status (n = 1,228) Single and never married 789 64.3 Divorced, separated, or widowed 303 24.6 Married or living with a partner 136 11.1 Currently unemployed (n = 1,226) 917 74.3 Clinical diagnosis (n = 1,233) Mood disorder 808 65.5 Psychotic disorder 176 14.3 Both psychotic and mood disorder, or schizoaffective disorder 249 20.7 Substance use disorder 603 48.9 - Table 2
Total and Subscale Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified (CSS-M) Scores in the Current Study and Two Prior U.S. Studies
CSS-M, Total Score (41 items) LCP Subscale (25 items) TLV Subscale (10 items) ICO Subscale (6 items) Study M SD M SD M SD M SD Pauselli et al., 2024 (the current study): n = 1,234 outpatients with psychotic disorders or mood disorders, and a history of arrest, in public-sector clinics in Georgia enrolling in a randomized controlled trial of a potential new form of prearrest jail diversion and reconnection to care (53% male, 63% African American) 32.7 15.0 21.1 10.7 7.0 4.3 4.5 2.3 Ashford et al.,24 2008: n = 53 mental health court-involved outpatients in a study of cognitive skills training targeting criminogenic attitudes; psychotic disorders or bipolar disorder, previously booked with a new charge or a probation violation at the Monterey County (California) Jail, and at least one prior arrest (83% male, 19% African American) (preintervention scores from the completed treatment group on top and comparison group below) 24.8
19.39.6
10.516.5
11.47.6
7.64.8
4.43.1
3.33.6
3.62.2
2.3Labrecque et al.,25 2013: n = 238 participants from juvenile and adult probation or parole departments in a large Midwestern state, who were on the caseloads of 37 probation and parole officers, 17 of whom were trained in the Effective Practices in Community Supervision (EPICS) model on how to target criminogenic needs (preintervention scores from trained officers on top, scores from untrained officers below) 25.3
25.811.3
12.115.4
16.47.8
8.25.7
5.83.6
3.74.1
4.02.0
1.9Abbreviations: ICO = Identification with Criminal Others, LCP = Law, Courts, and Police, TLV = Tolerance for Law Violations.
- Table 3
Bivariate Analysis of CCS-M Total Score and Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
M SD Test Statistics, P Age r = –0.19, P < .001 Years of education completed r = –0.03, P = .30 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) scale score r = 0.15, P < .001 Sex t = 1.11, df = 1,215, P = .35, d = 0.18 Male 33.1 15.5 Female 32.2 14.5 Race F = 6.68, df = 5, 1,211, P < .001, Bonferroni’s post hoc: a-b: P < .001 Black or African American 34.2 14.9 White 29.3 14.8 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 45.8 12.6 American Indian or Alaska Native 32.5 17.7 Asian 35.5 26.1 Other (e.g., identified as more than one race) 34.4 15.3 Marital status F = 2.06, df = 2, 1,213, P = .13 Single and never married 33.0 15.1 Divorced, separated, or widowed 31.1 14.6 Married or living with a partner 33.9 15.5 Currently employed t = 1.13, df = 1,212, P = .13, d = 0.08 Yes 33.5 14.6 No 32.4 15.2 Clinical diagnoses F = 9.47, df = 2, 1,212, P < .001 Bonferroni’s post hoc: a-b: P < .001 b-c: P < .001 Mood disorder 33.6 15.0 Psychotic disorder 28.2 13.8 Both psychotic and mood disorder, or schizoaffective disorder 32.9 15.5 Comorbid substance use disorder t = 4.92, df = 1,215, P < .001, d = 0.28 Yes 34.8 15.4 No 30.6 14.3
