Article Figures & Data
Tables
Total Youth Screeneda Youth Not Evaluated Youth Evaluatedb n (%)c n (%)c n (%)c p Total 581 — 272 — 309 — — Sex — — — — — — 0.370d Female 131 (22.5) 57 (21.0) 74 (23.9) — Male 449 (77.3) 214 (78.7) 235 (76.1) — Trans/female 1 (0.2) 1 (0.4) 0 (0.0) — Age — — — — — — 0.871e 12–14 229 (39.8) 108 (40.3) 121 (39.3) — 15+ 347 (60.2) 160 (59.7) 187 (60.7) — Missing 5 — 4 — 1 — — Race or ethnicity — — — — — — 0.368d Black 365 (63.5) 180 (66.7) 185 (60.7) — Hispanic 178 (31.0) 73 (27.0) 105 (34.4) — White 18 (3.1) 9 (3.3) 9 (3.0) — Asian or Pacific Islander 11 (1.9) 6 (2.2) 5 (1.6) — Other 3 (0.5) 2 (0.7) 1 (0.3) — Missing 6 — 2 — 4 — — Detainee status — — — — — — 0.227e JD 481 (83.5) 224 (83.6) 257 (83.4) — JO 80 (13.9) 34 (12.7) 46 (14.9) — Other 15 (2.6) 10 (3.7) 5 (1.6) — Missing 5 — 4 — 1 — — Screening results — — — — — — — PTSD 67 (11.5) 15 (5.5) 52 (16.9) <0.001e Depression — — — — — — <0.001e Absent or mild 513 (88.3) 255 (93.8) 258 (83.5) — Moderate 51 (8.8) 14 (5.1) 37 (12.0) — Severe 17 (2.9) 3 (1.1) 14 (4.5) — Problematic substance use 273 (47.0) 108 (39.7) 165 (53.4) 0.001e JD = juvenile delinquent; JO = juvenile offender; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.
↵a Refers to youth who received an initial screening after admission to the detention facility.
↵b Refers to youth who received a diagnostic evaluation after the initial screening.
↵c Refers to column percentages within the category.
↵d Fisher’s exact tests were performed.
↵e Chi-squared tests were performed.
Total Referred for Evaluation Because of Elevated Score (+SCREEN) Referred for Evaluation for Other Reasons (+MH or BEH) Placement Evaluation Only (PLACE) n (%)b n (%)b n (%)b n (%)b p Total 309 — 59 (19.1) 186 (60.2) 64 (20.7) — Sex — — — — — — — — 0.103c Female 74 (23.9) 17 (28.8) 48 (25.8) 9 (14.1) — Male 235 (76.1) 42 (71.2) 138 (74.2) 55 (85.9) — Age — — — — — — — — 0.500c 12-14 121 (39.3) 21 (35.6) 78 (41.9) 22 (34.9) — 15+ 187 (60.7) 38 (64.4) 108 (58.1) 41 (65.1) — Missing 1 — 0 — 0 — 1 — — Race or ethnicity — — — — — — — — 0.817d Black 185 (60.7) 33 (56.9) 107 (58.5) 45 (70.3) — Hispanic 105 (34.4) 23 (39.7) 65 (35.5) 17 (26.6) — White 9 (3.0) 2 (3.4) 6 (3.3) 1 (1.6) — Asian or Pacific Is 5 (1.6) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.2) 1 (1.6) — Other 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) — Missing 4 — 1 — 3 — 0 — — Detainee status — — — — — — — — 0.002d JD 257 (83.4) 43 (72.9) 154 (82.8) 60 (95.2) — JO 46 (14.9) 16 (27.1) 28 (15.1) 2 (3.2) — Other 5 (1.6) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.2) 1 (1.6) — Missing 1 — 0 — 0 — 1 — — Screening Results PTSD 52 (16.8) 43 (72.9) 7 (3.8) 2 (3.1) <0.001c Depression — — — — — — — — <0.001c Absent or mild 258 (83.5) 24 (40.7) 171 (91.9) 63 (98.4) — Moderate 37 (12) 21 (35.6) 15 (8.1) 1 (1.6) — Severe 14 (4.5) 14 (23.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) — Problematic substance use 165 (53.4) 36 (61) 99 (53.2) 30 (46.9) 0.290c Diagnosis Disruptive behavior 230 (74.4) 38 (64.4) 140 (75.3) 52 (81.2) 0.093c Substance related 169 (54.7) 29 (49.2) 102 (54.8) 38 (59.4) 0.522c Neurodevelopmental 158 (51.1) 28 (47.5) 115 (61.8) 15 (23.4) <0.001c Trauma related 139 (45.0) 45 (76.3) 63 (33.9) 31 (48.4) <0.001c Depressive 43 (13.9) 16 (27.1) 23 (12.4) 4 (6.2) 0.002c Anxiety 7 (2.3) 3 (5.1) 2 (1.1) 2 (3.1) 0.090d Psychotic 5 (1.6) 1 (1.7) 4 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 0.689d Bipolar 3 (1.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (1.6) 0 (0.0) 0.774b Sleep-wake 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 1.000b Obsessive-compulsive 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 1.000b Other conditions 60 (19.4) 5 (8.5) 30 (16.1) 25 (39.1) <0.001c Insufficient data 141 (45.6) 20 (33.9) 86 (46.2) 35 (54.7) 0.067c Non-DSM-5 diagnoses 23 (7.4) 6 (10.2) 10 (5.4) 7 (10.9) 0.200d Medical diagnosis 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 1.000d Treatment modality Med management only 18 (5.8) 2 (3.4) 16 (8.6) 0 (0.0) 0.256d,e Therapy only 16 (5.2) 4 (6.8) 12 (6.5) 0 (0.0) 1.000d,e Med management + therapy 112 (36.2) 28 (47.5) 84 (45.2) 0 (0.0) 0.874c,e Medication type Psychostimulant 76 (24.6) 15 (25.4) 61 (32.8) 0 (0.0) 0.365c,e Sleep aid 46 (14.9) 12 (20.3) 34 (18.3) 0 (0.0) 0.872c,e Alpha-2 agonist 38 (12.3) 7 (11.9) 31 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 0.496c,e Antipsychotic 29 (9.4) 3 (5.1) 26 (14.0) 0 (0.0) 0.107c,e Antidepressant 19 (6.1) 9 (15.3) 10 (5.4) 0 (0.0) 0.028c,e Mood stabilizer 7 (2.3) 1 (1.7) 6 (3.2) 0 (0.0) 1.000d,e Other 10 (3.2) 2 (3.4) 8 (4.3) 0 (0.0) 1.000d,e Classes of medications — — — — — — — — 0.285d,e 0 171 (55.3) 30 (50.8) 77 (41.4) 64 (100) — 1 73 (23.6) 15 (25.4) 58 (31.2) 0 (0.0) — 2 51 (16.5) 9 (15.3) 42 (22.6) 0 (0.0) — 3 8 (2.6) 4 (6.8) 4 (2.2) 0 (0.0) — 4 4 (1.3) 1 (1.7) 3 (1.6) 0 (0.0) — 5 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.1) 0 (0.0) — Number of medications — — — — — — — — 0.543d,e 0 171 (55.3) 30 (50.8) 77 (41.4) 64 (100) — 1 69 (22.3) 12 (20.3) 57 (30.6) 0 (0.0) — 2 50 (16.2) 11 (18.6) 39 (21) 0 (0.0) — 3 11 (3.6) 4 (6.8) 7 (3.8) 0 (0.0) — 4 4 (1.3) 1 (1.7) 3 (1.6) 0 (0.0) — 5 3 (1) 1 (1.7) 2 (1.1) 0 (0.0) — 6 1 (0.3) — — 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) — Number of counseling sessions — — — — — — — — <0.001c 0 84 (27.2) 10 (16.9) 41 (22.0) 33 (51.6) — 1-5 123 (39.8) 26 (44.1) 74 (39.8) 23 (35.9) — 6-10 35 (11.3) 6 (10.2) 28 (15.1) 1 (1.6) — 11-20 39 (12.6) 10 (16.9) 26 (14.0) 3 (4.7) — 21+ 28 (9.1) 7 (11.9) 17 (9.1) 4 (6.2) — DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; JD = juvenile delinquent; JO = juvenile offender; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.
↵a Refers to youth who received a diagnostic evaluation following the initial screening.
↵b Refers to column percentages within the category.
↵c Chi-squared tests were performed for the other variables.
↵d Fisher’s exact tests were performed for these variables.
↵e The contrast was only between youth referred for evaluation because of elevated score and youth referred for evaluation because of other reasons.
Type of Treatment Provided Total Evaluated No Med Management or Therapy Med Management + Therapy Med Management Only Therapy Only 309 163 112 18 16 p Diagnosis n n (%)a n (%)a n (%)a n (%)a — Trauma related 139 81 (58.3) 44 (31.7) 7 (5.0) 7 (5.0) 0.360b Substance related 169 92 (54.4) 58 (34.3) 12 (7.1) 7 (4.1) 0.494b Neurodevelopmental 158 60 (38.0) 80 (50.6) 11 (7.0) 7 (4.4) <0.001b ADHDc 151 53 (35.1) 80 (53.0) 11 (7.3) 7 (4.6) <0.001b Disruptive behavior 230 124 (53.9) 82 (35.7) 16 (7.0) 8 (3.5) 0.076d Depressive 43 20 (46.5) 16 (37.2) 5 (11.6) 2 (4.7) 0.358d ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
↵a The percentage of evaluated youth within each diagnosis category who received each type of treatment.
↵b Chi-squared tests were performed for these variables.
↵c ADHD is presented as a subset within the neurodevelopmental category because of its high prevalence.
↵d Fisher’s exact tests were performed for these variables.
