Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Univariate (Unadjusted) Relationships between Malingering and Demographic and Clinical Factors
Total Sample No Malingering Malingering Test Statistic p-Value n = 1,300 n = 983 (75.6%) n = 317 (24.4%) Age, mean (SD) 45.7 (14.9) 45.7 (12.6) 45.1 (10.5) 0.73 0.467 Sex, n (%) — — — 6.05 0.014 Male 808 (62.2) 593 (73.4) 215 (26.6) — — Female 491 (37.8) 390 (79.4) 101 (20.6) — — Education, mean (SD) 12.8 12.8 (2.6) 12.2 (2.4) 3.93 <.001 Education, n (%) — — — 18.46 <.001 <12 years 181 (14.0) 133 (73.5) 48 (26.5) — — 12 years or GED 646 (5.0) 470 (72.8) 176 (27.2) — — Some college 254 (19.6) 190 (74.8) 64 (25.2) — — College graduate 215 (16.6) 187 (87.0) 28 (13.0) — — Race, n (%) — — — 0.71 0.877 White 1,183 (91.3) 895 (75.7) 288 (24.3) — — Black 71 (5.4) 52 (73.2) 19 (26.8) — — Hispanic 22 (1.7) 18 (81.8) 4 (18.2) — — Other 19 (1.5) 14 (73.7) 5 (26.3) — — Case type, n (%) — — — 20.25 0.003 Criminal 16 (1.2) 12 (75.0) 4 (25.0) — — Disability 19 (1.5) 16 (84.2) 3 (15.8) — — Fitness for duty 33 (2.5) 32 (97.0) 1 (3.0) — — Head injury 527 (40.5) 382 (72.5) 145 (27.5) — — Personal injury 126 (9.7) 109 (86.5) 17 (13.5) — — Worker’s compensation 573 (44.1) 427 (74.5) 146 (25.5) — — Other 5 (0.4) 4 (80.0) 1 (20.0) — — Lifetime presence of mental illness, n (%) — — — 3.9 0.048 No 94 (7.2) 79 (84.0) 15 (16.0) — — Yes 1,206 (92.9) 904 (75.0) 302 (25.0) — — Number of DSM-5 diagnostic categories met, n (%) — — — 11.47 0.009 0 94 (7.2) 79 (84.0) 15 (16.0) — — 1 498 (38.3) 393 (78.9) 105 (21.1) — — 2 454 (34.9) 331 (72.9) 123 (27.1) — — ≥3 254 (19.5) 180 (70.9) 74 (29.1) — — DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; GED = general equivalency diploma; SD = standard deviation. Not all comparisons utilize 1,300 observations, as some data were missing.
No Malingering Malingering n n = 983 n = 317 Tests taken 1,300 9 (9–9) 11 (10–11) TOMM-T2 1,245 50 (49–50) 40 (31–47) TOMM-T2 ≤ 45 62 (6.7%) 225 (71.9%) TOMM-R 281 46 (38–49) 34 (29–40) TOMM-R ≤ 45 30 (45.5%) 202 (94.0%) VSVT-EZ 1,227 24 (24–24) 22 (20–24) VSVT-EZ ≤ 7 0 (0%) 5 (1.6%) VSVT-DIF 1,227 22 (18–24) 10 (7–15) VSVT-DIF ≤ 7 12 (1.3%) 100 (32.1%) LMT 439 0.96 (0.84–1) 0.73 (0.6–0.87) LMT ≤ 93% 78 (42.6%) 228 (89.1%) MMPI F-r 1,249 74 (61–92) 111 (92–120) MMPI F-r ≥ 100 129 (13.7%) 208 (67.1%) MMPI Fp-r 1,249 51 (42–59) 68 (59–77) MMPI Fp-r ≥ 100 6 (0.64%) 40 (12.9%) MMPI Fs 1,249 66 (50–75) 91 (74–115) MMPI Fs ≥ 100 28 (3.0%) 120 (38.7%) MMPI FBS-r 1,249 77 (67–86) 90.5 (83–99) MMPI FBS-r ≥ 100 18 (1.9%) 73 (23.6%) MMPI RBS 1,249 80 (67–88) 105 (92–114) MMPI RBS ≥ 100 94 (10.0%) 195 (62.9%) MMPI L-r 1,249 57 (52–66) 62 (52–66) MMPI L-r ≥ 100 0 (0%) 0 (0%) LMT = Letter Memory Test; MMPI F-r = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Infrequent Responses; MMPI FBS-r = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Fake Bad Scale Responses; MMPI Fp-r = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Infrequent Psychopathology Responses; MMPI Fs = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Infrequent Somatic Responses; MMPI L-r = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Underreporting Lie Responses; MMPI RBS = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Response Bias Scale; TOMM-R = Test of Memory Malingering, Retention trial; TOMM-T2 = Test of Memory Malingering, Trial 2; VSVT-DIF = Victoria Symptom Validity Test, Difficult subscale; VSVT-EZ = Victoria Symptom Validity Test, Easy subscale.
Odds Ratio (95% CI) Statistic p-Value Age 1 (0.99–1.01) 1.54 0.214 Sex — 2.4 0.121 Female 0.8 (0.6–1.06) — — Male Ref — — Education — 11.05 0.0009 Less than college 2.16 (1.37–3.39) — — College graduate Ref — — Race — 1.27 0.737 Black 1.16 (0.66–2.04) — — Hispanic 0.58 (0.19–1.76) — — Other 1.11 (0.38–3.19) — — White Ref — — Referral type — 13.16 0.001 Personal attorney 0.48 (0.32–0.72) — — None 0.47 (0.13–1.79) — — Opposing attorney Ref — — Case type — 7.14 0.028 Worker’s compensation 1.47 (0.88–2.48) — — Head injury 1.90 (1.13–3.19) — — Other Ref — — Number of DSM-5 diagnostic categories met — 10.44 0.015 0 0.47 (0.25–0.89) — — 1 0.68 (0.47–0.98) — — 2 0.96 (0.67–1.38) — — ≥3 Ref — — CI = confidence interval; DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; GED = general equivalency diploma.
