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Research ArticleRegular Article

A Pilot Analysis Investigating the Use of AI in Malingering

Scott A. Gershan, Esther Schoenfeld and Declan J. Grabb
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online June 2025, 53 (2) 147-156; DOI: https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.240115-24
Scott A. Gershan
Dr. Gershan is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Dr. Schoenfeld is a Forensic Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone, New York, NY. Dr. Grabb is a Forensic Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
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Esther Schoenfeld
Dr. Gershan is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Dr. Schoenfeld is a Forensic Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone, New York, NY. Dr. Grabb is a Forensic Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
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Declan J. Grabb
Dr. Gershan is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Dr. Schoenfeld is a Forensic Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone, New York, NY. Dr. Grabb is a Forensic Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
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    Table 1

    Guiding Principles for Prompt Generation

    What does ChatGPT know about:
     psychiatric illness nosological constructs;
     psychiatric symptom phenomenology, specifically typical versus atypical presentations;
     malingering or exaggerating psychiatric illness; and
     relevant legal standards?
    How can ChatGPT manipulate the above information to a malingerer’s advantage?
    • View popup
    Table 2

    Evaluation of ChatGPT Responses to Questions Listed in Online Appendix A

    Evaluator Scores Per Question
    Prompts
    A1A2A3A4A5
    Q1
     E1++++++++++
     E2+++++++++
     E3+++−+++
    Q2
     E1++++++
     E2+++++
     E3+++++++
    Q3
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3+++++
    Q4
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3++++++++++
    Q5
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3−+−−++
    Q6
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3+++++++
    Q7
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3++++++++++
    Q8
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3++++++++++
    Q9
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3++−++++++
    Q10
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3++++++++++
    Q11
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3++++++++++
    Q12
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3++++++++++
    Q13
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3+++−−−
    Q14
     E1−++++−++
     E2++++++++++
     E3++++++
    Q15
     E1++++++++++
     E2++++++++++
     E3−++−+−
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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online: 53 (2)
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
Vol. 53, Issue 2
1 Jun 2025
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A Pilot Analysis Investigating the Use of AI in Malingering
Scott A. Gershan, Esther Schoenfeld, Declan J. Grabb
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Jun 2025, 53 (2) 147-156; DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.240115-24

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A Pilot Analysis Investigating the Use of AI in Malingering
Scott A. Gershan, Esther Schoenfeld, Declan J. Grabb
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Jun 2025, 53 (2) 147-156; DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.240115-24
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Keywords

  • malingering
  • technology
  • artificial intelligence
  • psychosis

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