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Article CommentaryAnalysis and Commentary

Professional Boundaries in Corrections

Brian K. Cooke, Ryan C.W. Hall, Susan Hatters Friedman, Abhishek Jain and Ryan Wagoner
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online February 2019, JAAPL.003825-19; DOI: https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.003825-19
Brian K. Cooke
Dr. Cooke is Associate Professor, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL. Dr. Hall is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Central Florida College of Medicine; Affiliate Assistant Professor, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Adjunct Professor, Barry University School of Law, Orlando, FL. Dr. Friedman is Associate Professor of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland; Staff Psychiatrist, Mason Clinic, Auckland Regional Forensic Psychiatry Services, Auckland, New Zealand; and the Philip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Jain is a Forensic Psychiatry Research Fellow, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY. Dr. Wagoner is Assistant Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. Portions of this article were presented at the 2017 American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, May 20–24, 2017, in San Diego, CA.
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Ryan C.W. Hall
Dr. Cooke is Associate Professor, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL. Dr. Hall is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Central Florida College of Medicine; Affiliate Assistant Professor, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Adjunct Professor, Barry University School of Law, Orlando, FL. Dr. Friedman is Associate Professor of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland; Staff Psychiatrist, Mason Clinic, Auckland Regional Forensic Psychiatry Services, Auckland, New Zealand; and the Philip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Jain is a Forensic Psychiatry Research Fellow, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY. Dr. Wagoner is Assistant Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. Portions of this article were presented at the 2017 American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, May 20–24, 2017, in San Diego, CA.
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Susan Hatters Friedman
Dr. Cooke is Associate Professor, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL. Dr. Hall is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Central Florida College of Medicine; Affiliate Assistant Professor, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Adjunct Professor, Barry University School of Law, Orlando, FL. Dr. Friedman is Associate Professor of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland; Staff Psychiatrist, Mason Clinic, Auckland Regional Forensic Psychiatry Services, Auckland, New Zealand; and the Philip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Jain is a Forensic Psychiatry Research Fellow, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY. Dr. Wagoner is Assistant Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. Portions of this article were presented at the 2017 American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, May 20–24, 2017, in San Diego, CA.
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Abhishek Jain
Dr. Cooke is Associate Professor, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL. Dr. Hall is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Central Florida College of Medicine; Affiliate Assistant Professor, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Adjunct Professor, Barry University School of Law, Orlando, FL. Dr. Friedman is Associate Professor of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland; Staff Psychiatrist, Mason Clinic, Auckland Regional Forensic Psychiatry Services, Auckland, New Zealand; and the Philip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Jain is a Forensic Psychiatry Research Fellow, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY. Dr. Wagoner is Assistant Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. Portions of this article were presented at the 2017 American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, May 20–24, 2017, in San Diego, CA.
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Ryan Wagoner
Dr. Cooke is Associate Professor, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL. Dr. Hall is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Central Florida College of Medicine; Affiliate Assistant Professor, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Adjunct Professor, Barry University School of Law, Orlando, FL. Dr. Friedman is Associate Professor of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland; Staff Psychiatrist, Mason Clinic, Auckland Regional Forensic Psychiatry Services, Auckland, New Zealand; and the Philip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Jain is a Forensic Psychiatry Research Fellow, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY. Dr. Wagoner is Assistant Professor, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. Portions of this article were presented at the 2017 American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, May 20–24, 2017, in San Diego, CA.
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    Table 1

    Implications of Boundary Violations in Corrections

    Decreased safety in the facility
        Errors in judgment
        Retaliation
    Decreased safety outside of facility
        Threats to family
        Threats to friends
    Potential criminal activity
        Escapes
        Extortions
        Increased contraband (e.g., drugs, equipment, cellphones)
        Allowing prisoners to keep contraband
    Professional and legal ramifications
        Employment status
        Licensure
        Litigation
    • View popup
    Table 2

    Employee Training Required Under 28 CFR§115.312

    (a) The agency shall train all employees who may have contact with inmates on:
    (1) Its zero-tolerance policy for sexual abuse and sexual harassment;
    (2) How to fulfill their responsibilities under agency sexual abuse and sexual harassment prevention, detection, reporting, and response policies and procedures;
    (3) Inmates' right to be free from sexual abuse and sexual harassment;
    (4) The right of inmates and employees to be free from retaliation for reporting sexual abuse and sexual harassment;
    (5) The dynamics of sexual abuse and sexual harassment in confinement;
    (6) The common reactions of sexual abuse and sexual harassment victims;
    (7) How to detect and respond to signs of threatened and actual sexual abuse;
    (8) How to avoid inappropriate relationships with inmates;
    (9) How to communicate effectively and professionally with inmates, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, or gender-nonconforming inmates; and
    (10) How to comply with relevant laws related to mandatory reporting of sexual abuse to outside authorities.
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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online: 53 (1)
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
Vol. 53, Issue 1
1 Mar 2025
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Professional Boundaries in Corrections
Brian K. Cooke, Ryan C.W. Hall, Susan Hatters Friedman, Abhishek Jain, Ryan Wagoner
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Feb 2019, JAAPL.003825-19; DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.003825-19

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Professional Boundaries in Corrections
Brian K. Cooke, Ryan C.W. Hall, Susan Hatters Friedman, Abhishek Jain, Ryan Wagoner
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Feb 2019, JAAPL.003825-19; DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.003825-19
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