Article Figures & Data
Tables
n (%) Mean (range) Men Women p Any trauma 92 (85.98) 11.42 (1–101) 79 (84.04) 13 (100) .207 Sudden death of loved one 63 (58.88) 2.49 (1–16) 53 (56.38) 10 (76.92) .231 Witnessed death/serious injury 38 (35.51) 2.13 (1–10) 33 (35.11) 5 (38.46) 1 Adult physical assault 36 (33.64) 3.28 (1–16) 30 (31.91) 6 (46.15) .354 MVA 36 (33.64) 1.56 (1–4) 31 (32.98) 5 (38.46) .758 Weapon attack 34 (31.77) 1.79 (1–10) 28 (29.79) 6 (46.15) .340 Childhood physical abuse 30 (28.04) 3.20 (1–12) 27 (28.72) 3 (23.08) 1 Childhood sexual abuse 25 (23.36) 3.32 (1–15) 19 (20.21) 6 (46.15) .073 Natural disaster 21 (19.63) 1.24 (1–3) 18 (19.15) 3 (23.08) .716 Adult sexual assault 20 (18.69) 4.05 (1–20) 13 (13.83) 7 (53.85)a .002b Severe accident (other than MVA) 17 (15.89) 1.47 (1–3) 16 (17.02) 1 (7.69) .668 Military trauma 5 (4.67) 4.6 (1–10) 5 (5.32) 0 1 Other sudden event that caused severe fear/helplessness/horror 36 (33.64) 4.55 (1–25) 30 (31.91) 6 (46.15) .354 Nontraumatic stressor Sudden move or loss of home/possessions 51 (47.66) 3.06 (1–20) 42 (44.68) 9 (69.23) .139 Sudden abandonment by spouse/partner/parent/family 28 (26.17) 3.39 (1–20) 23 (24.47) 5 (38.46) .318 Any ACE 82 (76.63) NA 69 (73.40) 13 (100)a .036c Parents separated/divorced 54 (50.47) NA 47 (50) 7 (53.85) 1 Household member with substance abuse 43 (40.19) NA 35 (37.23) 8 (61.54) .132 Childhood emotional abuse 40 (37.38) NA 31 (32.98) 9 (69.23)a .016c Childhood physical abuse 37 (34.58) NA 30 (31.91) 7 (53.85) .132 Childhood emotional neglect 37 (34.58) NA 28 (29.78) 9 (69.23)a .010b Household member with mental illness 28 (26.17) NA 19 (20.21) 9 (69.23)a .001d Childhood sexual abuse 23 (21.49) NA 18 (19.15) 5 (38.42) .147 Childhood physical neglect 20 (18.69) NA 15 (15.96) 5 (38.46) .065 Witnessed domestic violence 19 (17.76) NA 13 (13.83) 6 (46.15)a .011c Household member in prison 17 (15.89) NA 13 (13.83) 4 (30.77) .216 Mean ACE score 2.97 NA 2.649 5.308a .0005d PTSD No PTSD p Age, years 33.07 42.31a .003b Gender Male 24 (88.89) 70 (87.50) 1 Female 3 (11.11) 10 (12.50) Race White 17 (62.96) 43 (53.75) .503 Black 9 (33.33) 25 (31.25) .816 Native American 2 (7.41) 6 (7.50) 1 Asian 0 (0) 3 (3.75) .570 Hispanic 0 (0) 2 (2.50) 1 Other 1 (3.70) 6 (7.50) .676 Psychiatric disorder Schizophrenia-spectrum 18 (66.67) 62 (77.50) .308 Substance use 14 (51.85) 28 (35.00) .171 Bipolar 6 (22.22) 17 (21.25) 1 Anxiety 4 (14.81) 5 (6.25) .226 Posttraumatic stress 1 (3.70) 4 (5.00) 1 Borderline personality 3 (11.11) 2 (2.50) .101 Antisocial personality 2 (7.41) 3 (3.75) .598 Intellectual disability 2 (7.41) 2 (2.50) .264 Neurocognitive 0 (0) 2 (2.50) 1 Autism spectrum 1 (3.70) 1 (1.25) .443 Depressive 0 (0) 1 (1.25) 1 Other personality 0 (0) 1 (1.25) 1 Other mental 1 (3.70) 1 (1.25) .443 Any trauma 27 (100)a 65 (81.25) .011c Sudden death of loved one 20 (74.07) 43 (53.75) 1 Witnessed death/serious injury 12 (44.44) 26 (32.50) .352 Adult physical assault 11 (40.74) 25 (31.25) .480 MVA 11 (40.74) 25 (31.25) .480 Weapon attack 9 (33.33) 25 (31.25) .816 Childhood physical abuse 11 (40.74) 19 (23.75) .136 Childhood sexual abuse 11 (40.74)a 14 (17.50) .019c Natural disaster 10 (37.04)a 11 (13.75) .013c Adult sexual assault 9 (33.33)a 11 (13.75) .042c Severe accident (other than MVA) 5 (18.52) 12 (15.00) .762 Military trauma 0 5 (6.25) .327 Other sudden event that caused severe fear/helplessness/horror 11 (40.74) 25 (31.25) .480 Nontraumatic stressor Sudden move or loss of home/possessions 10 (37.04) 41 (51.25) .266 Sudden abandonment by spouse/partner/parent/family 10 (37.04) 18 (22.50) .204 Any ACE 22 (81.48) 60 (75.00) .604 Parents separated/divorced 15 (55.56) 39 (48.75) .657 Household member with substance abuse 13 (48.15) 30 (37.50) .369 Childhood emotional abuse 9 (33.33) 31 (38.75) .653 Childhood physical abuse 10 (37.04) 27 (33.75) .817 Childhood emotional neglect 12 (44.44) 25 (31.25) .246 Household member with mental illness 8 (29.63) 20 (25.00) .622 Childhood sexual abuse 10 (37.04)a 13 (16.25) .031c Childhood physical neglect 8 (29.63) 12 (15.00) .151 Witnessed domestic violence 8 (29.63) 11 (13.75) .081 Household member went to prison 7 (25.93) 10 (12.50) .128 Mean ACE score 3.704 2.725 .094 Trauma History Screen ACE Questionnaire Childhood physical abuse Hit or kicked hard enough to injure – as a child Did a parent or other adult in the household often push, grab, slap, or throw something at you? or Did a parent or other adult in the household ever hit you so hard that you had marks or were injured? Childhood sexual abuse Forced or made to have sexual contact – as a child Did an adult or person at least five years older than you ever touch or fondle you or have you touch their body in a sexual way? or Did an adult or person at least five years older than you try to or actually have oral, anal, or vaginal sex with you?
