Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
The risk assessment for transportation form.
- Figure 2.
Fraction of transports that required restraints by race and legal status.
Tables
- Table 1.
Demographic and Legal Status Factors Related to Use of Restraint during Transport
Transports, n Restraint Used No Restraint Used Total transports 802 443 (55.2) 359 (44.8) Gender Male 683 377 (55.2) 306 (44.8) Female 119 66 (55.5) 53 (44.5) Age < 60 years 568 357 (62.9) 211 (37.1) ≥ 60 years or older 234 86 (36.8) 148 (63.2) Race White 359 177 (49.3) 182 (50.7) Black 277 169 (61.0) 108 (39.9) Hispanic 158 90 (57.0) 68 (43.0) Alaska Native 1 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) Asian or Pacific Islander 7 6 (85.7) 1 (14.3) Legal Status Voluntary 49 10 (20.4) 39 (79.6) Civil 146 56 (38.4) 90 (61.6) Competency 397 275 (69.3) 122 (30.7) NGRI 205 97 (47.3) 108 (52.7) Other 5 5 (100.0) 0 (0.0) Legal status by security level Maximum Voluntary 27 10 (37.0) 17 (63.0) Civil 80 48 (60.0) 32 (40.0) Competency 141 131 (92.9) 10 (7.1) NGRI 152 97 (63.8) 55 (36.2) Other 5 5 (100.0) 0 (0.0) Enhanced (Medium) Voluntary 22 0 (0.0) 22 (100.0) Civil 66 8 (12.1) 58 (87.9) Competency 256 144 (56.3) 112 (43.7) NGRI 53 0 (0.0) 53 (100.0) Other 0 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Legal status by race White Voluntary 16 0 (0.0) 16 (100.0) Civil 81 21 (25.9) 60 (74.1) Competency 161 108 (67.1) 53 (32.9) NGRI 99 46 (46.5) 53 (53.5) Other 2 2 (100.0) 0 (0.0) Black Voluntary 18 8 (44.4) 10 (55.6) Civil 39 20 (51.3) 19 (48.7) Competency 147 94 (63.9) 53 (36.1) NGRI 71 45 (63.4) 26 (36.6) Other 2 2 (100.0) 0 (0.0) Hispanic Voluntary 15 2 (13.3) 13 (86.7) Civil 25 14 (56.0) 11 (44.0) Competency 86 70 (81.4) 16 (18.6) NGRI 32 4 (12.5) 28 (87.5) Other 0 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Data are presented as n (%).
Voluntary = voluntary civil patient; Civil = civilly committed patient; Competency = patient admitted for competency restoration; NGRI = individual acquitted by reason of mental disease or defect (not guilty by reason of insanity); Other = individual hospitalized for other court-ordered evaluation.
Diagnosis Restraint Used No Restraint Used Total Neurodevelopmental 13 (68.4) 6 (31.6) 19 (2.4) Schizophrenia spectrum 254 (55.9) 200 (44.1) 454 (56.6) Bipolar and related 41 (68.3) 19 (31.7) 60 (7.5) Depressive 22 (84.6) 4 (15.4) 26 (3.2) Obsessive-compulsive and related 1 (33.3) 2 (66.7) 3 (0.4) Trauma and stressor-related 12 (80.0) 3 (20.0) 15 (1.9) Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct 11 (73.3) 4 (26.7) 15 (1.9) Substance-related and addictive 16 (39.0) 25 (61.0) 41 (5.1) Neurocognitive 37 (36.3) 65 (63.7) 102 (12.7) Personality 13 (37.1) 22 (62.9) 35 (4.4) Paraphilic 3 (37.5) 5 (62.5) 8 (1.0) No diagnosis 20 (83.3) 4 (16.7) 24 (3.0) Data are presented as n (%).
No diagnosis = no primary psychiatric diagnosis recorded at time of transport.
Risk Factor Category Restraint Used No Restraint Used Behaviorala 819 (78.3) 227 (21.7) Historicalb 173 (75.9) 55 (24.1) Legal/socialc 122 (81.9) 27 (18.1) Protectived 41 (9.4) 397 (90.6) Data are presented as n (%). Multiple risk factor rationales were identified for each transport occurrence; the total number of risk factors is therefore higher than the total sample size of 802 transports.
↵a Behavioral risk factors included danger to self, danger to others, clinical instability, impulsivity, current aggression, limitation on communication/threatening/harassment, treatment noncompliance, recent substance use/withdrawal, and recent violence/elopement ideation.
↵b Historical risk factors included any history of violence or elopement, unsuccessful temporary leave or conditional release, and unknown history.
↵c Legal/social risk factors included felony charges, pending return to corrections, protective/restraining order, high bond or incarceration exposure, and significant pending community/family events.
↵d Protective factors included significant clinical stability, treatment compliance, fear of leaving the hospital, and geriatric status or being medically compromised.
