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Article CommentaryAnalysis and Commentary

Involuntary Celibates and Forensic Psychiatry

Camille A. Tastenhoye, Nina E. Ross, Juliette Dupré, Tetyana V. Bodnar and Susan Hatters Friedman
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online July 2022, JAAPL.210136-21; DOI: https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.210136-21
Camille A. Tastenhoye
Dr. Tastenhoye is a Fellow in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA. Dr. Ross is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Dupré is a Resident in Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Dr. Bodnar is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Friedman is the Phillip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Professor of Pediatrics, Adjunct Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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Nina E. Ross
Dr. Tastenhoye is a Fellow in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA. Dr. Ross is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Dupré is a Resident in Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Dr. Bodnar is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Friedman is the Phillip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Professor of Pediatrics, Adjunct Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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Juliette Dupré
Dr. Tastenhoye is a Fellow in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA. Dr. Ross is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Dupré is a Resident in Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Dr. Bodnar is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Friedman is the Phillip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Professor of Pediatrics, Adjunct Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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Tetyana V. Bodnar
Dr. Tastenhoye is a Fellow in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA. Dr. Ross is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Dupré is a Resident in Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Dr. Bodnar is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Friedman is the Phillip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Professor of Pediatrics, Adjunct Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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Susan Hatters Friedman
Dr. Tastenhoye is a Fellow in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA. Dr. Ross is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Dupré is a Resident in Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Dr. Bodnar is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Dr. Friedman is the Phillip Resnick Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Professor of Pediatrics, Adjunct Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

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    Table 1

    Glossary of Terms

    TermDefinitionAssociated Terms
    Alphamale figure who is perceived as confident and attractive, considered superior to a “beta. Chads are considered to be AlphasBeta
    Chad
    Beckya female who is secondary to Stacys with regards to looks and social status, considered to be more attainableStacy
    Betaan average male who is subordinate to Alphas in terms of access to sexual intimacy, considered to be inferior within societal hierarchyAlpha
    Black pillthe more nihilistic perspective of red-pilling, black-pilled incels believe societal structure will never change and that there is no hope of them achieving sexual or romantic intimacy, regardless of personal improvement through increased exercise or plastic surgeryLDAR
    Roping
    Blue pillremaining ignorant to the truth according to the incel worldview, i.e. the opposite of red-pillingCope
    Chadconsidered the prototype of an attractive male, usually white. Different terminology used for “Chads” in other ethnic groups“Tyrone” in the Black community
    “Chang” in the Asian community
    -celsuffix denoting involuntary celibate, with added prefix denoting condition leading to celibacy“Currycel” to refer to Indian male
    “Ricecel” to refer to Asian male
    Copea coping mechanism, may refer to rejecting unpleasant truth in favor of a kinder one, may also be used to refer to strategies for self-improvement; e.g., using plastic surgery to improve physical appearance may be referred to as a “cope”
    Fakecelperson claiming to be an incel who does not meet the criteria; i.e., is not a virgin or has been in a relationship
    Foida term used to describe women as a group; a shortening of female-humanoid. Implies that women are not fully human.
    Gymmaxxattempting to improve physical characteristics through exercisingLooksmaxx
    -maxxing
    LDARacronym for Lie Down and Rot; considered to be one of the only options available to incels who are “blackpilled”Roping
    Black pill
    Lookismdiscrimination based on physical appearance
    Looksmaxxattempting to improve physical characteristics, often through plastic surgery such as facial implantsGymmaxx
    -maxxing
    -maxxingattempting to improve an aspect of oneself with the goal of obtaining sexual intimacyLooksmaxx
    Gymmaxx
    Red pill
    -moggingbeing dominated by another person
    NEETacronym for Not in Education, Employment, or Training; replaced previous terminology of “status zero”. Derogatory term
    Normiean average person with regard to looks and personality; on a continuum, is considered to be between a Chad and an incel with regards to sexual desirability, social status, and physical appearance
    -pillDerived from the Matrix movies and refers to a spectrum of philosophies or world views. Used in many alt-right communities with specific definitions as applied to the incel communityRed pill
    blue pill
    Black pill
    Red pillgenerally refers to any kind of political awakening. Within the incel community, it refers to becoming aware of the existence of a sexual hierarchy in which most men are not considered desirable by societal standards. Red-pillers believe that they can improve their looks and become part of the community of men who do obtain sexual satisfaction by using exercise and plastic surgery to become similar to ChadsChad
    Alpha
    -maxxing
    Ropinga term referring to suicide within the incel communityLDAR
    Black pill
    Suifuelshort for “suicide fuel”, used to refer to something contributing to depression or suicidality
    Stacyfemale equivalent to Chad. Prototypically attractive female, most often white and blonde. Considered to have elevated social statusChad
    Volcelvoluntary celibate
    • Note. Adapted from References 1 and 67.

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    Table 2

    Violence Risk Factors to Explore among Incels

    Static
      Target of bullying
      Legacy token such as a manifesto
      History of rejection
      Leakage of intent to commit violence to a third party
      History of violence
    Dynamic
      Academic decline
      Authority conflict
      Hardened thoughts/level of incel indoctrination
      Fantasy rehearsal
      Hopelessness
      Poor social support
      Fame-seeking
      Lack of romantic relationship
      Poor anger outlets
      Poor self-esteem
      Access to firearms
    • Note. Adapted from Ref. 1.

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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online: 53 (1)
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
Vol. 53, Issue 1
1 Mar 2025
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Involuntary Celibates and Forensic Psychiatry
Camille A. Tastenhoye, Nina E. Ross, Juliette Dupré, Tetyana V. Bodnar, Susan Hatters Friedman
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Jul 2022, JAAPL.210136-21; DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.210136-21

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Involuntary Celibates and Forensic Psychiatry
Camille A. Tastenhoye, Nina E. Ross, Juliette Dupré, Tetyana V. Bodnar, Susan Hatters Friedman
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online Jul 2022, JAAPL.210136-21; DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.210136-21
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    • Abstract
    • The Incel Worldview
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Keywords

  • incel
  • involuntary celibate
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  • forensic evaluation

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