Article Figures & Data
Tables
References Sample Size; Setting Study Design Study Limitations Study Findings Variables Related to Violation of Protection Orders Holt et al.5 N = 2691; IPV Retrospective study
IPV reports in Seattle over 16-month period
PO group vs. no-PO control
Police record review
1 year follow-up from date of IPV report
Record review only
Study does not include any information on violations that were not reported to police
No information on which subjects may have been lost to follow-up
Intervention and control groups may have had different reporting rates for violation
Lack of complete information on demographics
Permanent PO associated with 80% reduction in police-reported violence during follow-up period Time: may be increased risk for violation in period immediately after PO placement Horton et al.11 2 studies (1) N = 68 (2) N = 144; IPV Two studies (1 and 2)
Prospective from date of temporary PO filing
Noncontrolled
Review of petition (1), observation of court proceedings (1), victim interview (1), victim questionnaire (2)
Data collected within 1 year of enrollment (1) and questionnaire completed over 26-month period (2)
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
Two samples with different measures
Sample 2 had only 24% response rate, with no information on how nonresponders may have differed from participants
Significant reduction in police contact after temporary PO: 66% (1) and 50% (2) had no further police contact
38% had no further contact with defendant, 24% had infrequent contact, 22% saw defendant frequently, and 16% were living with defendant (1)
19% allowed defendant to return home (2)
N/A Chaudhuri and Daly12 N = 30; IPV Prospective from date of temporary PO filing
Noncontrolled
Interviews at 1 week and 2 months after filing; review of court affidavits were also reviewed
2-month study duration
No comparison group that did not have POs filed
Small sample size
Descriptive study; no statistical analyses reported
Short follow-up period
37% of POs violated Violator factors: more likely to have a criminal history, less than full time employment, substance abuse, violence history Kaci13 N = 224; IPV Retrospective pre/post evaluation
Court record review
6 months before and 18 months after temporary PO application
Record review only
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
Study focused on placement of PO and not on violation
Not able to account for whether subjects were in jurisdiction for duration of study period
7.14% of POs violated N/A Tjaden and Thoennes14 N = 15,776; Stalking Retrospective study of random sample of U.S. households
Telephone interview
Single interview
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
Sample includes only those with access to phones
Recall bias: questions related to lifetime exposure to violence
No data from court records on POs to assist with validation of victim responses
68.7% violation of POs for female victims
81.3% violation of POs for male victims
Victim factors: male victim more likely to have order violated by defendant Meloy et al.15 N = 200; PO defendants (78% IPV) Retrospective pre/post design
Record review of criminal proceedings in temporary restraining order cases
Random sample of defendants with POs lasting >3 years
Records examined 3 years before and 3 years after PO
Record review only, so no identification of characteristics that may contribute to long duration POs
Sample only included those with long-duration POs in place
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
Only 36 of 200 subjects committed victim related crimes
Analysis based on small subset of cases
18% of POs violated Violator factors: male, prior arrests, substance-abuse history, and contact with mental health system increased risk of violation; race not predictive of violent behavior after PO placement
Legal system factors: nonmutual protection orders more likely to be violated
Harrell and Smith16 N = 497;355 female victims,142 male defendants;IPV Prospective
Interviews; review of court documents and police records
Convenience sample of female complainants and male defendants
Interview at 3 months after PO; women interviewed one year later
Complex subject group—no clear relationship between defendants and victims
No information on whether PO still in place at time of victim-reported contact
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
No information on the large percentage of identified women who refused to participate in study (43%); no info given on rate of refusal for male defendants
77% of women and 71% of men reported some contact at 3 months after a temporary PO and >50% unwanted contact in that time frame
75% of women with a permanent PO reported some contact within the first year of the order
Time: temporary PO more likely to be associated with psychological abuse than permanent PO; risk higher shortly after PO initiation
Relationship Factors: severity of violence predicted severity of subsequent violence; suggested that biological children more common in violation; cohabitation decreased the likelihood of abuse
Violator factors: high resistance at the hearing increased violation
Legal system factors: women reporting need for more protection more likely to report severe violence; women's positive rating of police predicted lower probability of severe violence; arrest at the time of incident that led to PO led to decreased risk of severe violence
Klein17 N = 663; IPV Record review of court documents
All cases where a PO was obtained during a single calendar year
Defendant tracking for 2 years after PO placement
Record review only
Unclear whether PO in place at time of re-abuse or arrest for re-abuse
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
48.8% re-abused victims within 2 years
34% arrested for re-abuse
Violator factors: younger age, criminal history, substance abuse associated with re-abuse
Legal system factors: court-ordered no-contact provisions more likely to result in re-abuse than contact permitted
Carlson et al.18 N = 210; IPV Retrospective observational study
Convenience sample of cases in which POs filed against intimate male partners
Court and police reports
Data from 2 years before and 2 years after PO filing
Record review only
Sample only included those with police contact over the 2 years before filing of PO
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
23% of POs violated Victim factors: very low SES, black race associated with higher risk of re-victimization; presence of biological children with defendant increased violation risk
Legal system factors: arrest of the violator before the initiation of the PO increased risk of future violation for subset of victims with low SES
Order type: permanent PO associated with decrease in violence among subset of victims with low SES
Relationship factors: 5 or more years in a relationship decreased violence, but not for the lowest SES group
Grau et al.19 N = 270; IPV Retrospective observational study
Live interviews were conducted with battered women in four states
Single interview approximately 4 months after contact with IPV program
Selection bias: sample taken from only those involved in IPV project
Recall bias: varied time of interviews after contact with IPV program
No validation of interview with court documents
Short follow-up period
56% of POs violated Relationship factors: women with less severe prior injury were re-abused 44% of the time compared with 67% with more severe prior injuries, and 59% of women not receiving PO's were re-abused McFarlane et al.20 N = 150; IPV Prospective observational study
Women who had obtained a PO
Telephone interviews
3, 6, 12, and 18 months after PO obtained
No validation of subject responses with court documents
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
Recall bias
Strict criteria for obtaining POs in jurisdiction of this study
Rates of PO violation: 44% overall, 21% at 3 months
20% at 6 months, 25% at 12 months, 23% at 18 months
5% reported a violation at each time period
Time: for 18 months after applying for PO, victims experienced significant decreases in levels of violence Holt et al.21 N = 448; IPV Prospective cohort study
Random sample of women who had police contact for IPV (and no PO) and women who obtained a temporary/permanent PO
Live and telephone interviews
9-month follow-up period from time of original IPV incident
Recall bias
No validation of interviewer responses with court documents
Moderate duration of follow-up period
Differential loss to follow-up between study groups
79.6% of POs violated within the first 5 months
60.1% of POs violated between 5 and 9 months
Time: longer PO duration predicted lower rates of violent abuse but not unwanted phone calls. Isaac et al.22 N = 18,369; PO defendants Descriptive study
Review of PO database in Massachusetts
0–6 months of follow-up
Database review only
Variable follow-up period
No data on those who left jurisdiction
10% of POs violated at 3 months
15.4% of POs violated as a cumulative probability by 6 months
Time: overall probability of violation highest in first 3 months Logan et al.23 N = 757; IPV with and without stalking Retrospective cohort
Women who had obtained POs
Interview survey
One time interviews conducted over 5-week period
Recall bias
No comparison group that did not have POs in place
No validation of responses using court documents
No follow-up
Remote stalking cases excluded from study group
17.4% of POs violated for women who reported that they had not been stalked
35.9% of POs violated for women who reported that they had been stalked
Relationship factors: stalking associated with more severe violence Mears et al.24 N = 336; IPV Retrospective, controlled, observational study
PO case filings and arrests (without PO filings) for IPV
Police and court records
10 years before and 2 years following PO
Record review only
Comparison group (those without POs) consisted of sampling of 25 cases/month rather than all cases
No information on whether subjects were in jurisdiction for duration of study period
N/A Victim factors: women from low SES households at higher risk for re-victimization; increased incidence of re-abuse if victim had substance abuse history; black race associated with increased risk for re-abuse; age and prior abuse not linked to re-victimization rates IPV, intimate partner violence; PO protection order; SES socioeconomic status.
Characteristic Studies Reporting That the Characteristic Was Associated With Increased Risk of Violation, Listed According to the Focus/Context of the Study Studies of the Characteristic That Did Not Find It to Be Associated With Risk of Violation Intimate Partner Violence Stalking Defendant Time Less time since protection order implementation 5, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22 20 Victim characteristics Male 14 Low socioeconomic status 18, 24 Biological children with defendant 16, 18 16 17 African-American 18, 24 Substance abuse history 24 Perpetrator characteristics Violence history/criminal history 12, 16, 17 15, 16 Younger age 17 Male 15 Substance abuse history 12 15 17 Less than full-time employment 12 Mental health system contact 15 17 Relationship factors Living separately 16 16 17 Type of abuse (stalking vs. other) 23 14, 23 Shorter relationship duration 18 Legal system factors No arrest at the time of protection order placement 18 16, 17 Perceived adequacy of the protection order 16 16 Nonmutual protection order (vs. mutual) 18 No-contact protection orders (vs. contact) 17