Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Distribution of number of new charges during two-year follow-up period.
- Figure 2.
Interaction between psychiatric symptoms and alcohol related problems.
Tables
Variable Total Sample (N = 361) M(SD)/% Youth Who Recidivated (n = 129) M(SD)/(%) Youth Who Did Not Recidivate (n = 232) M(SD)/(%) Demographic Factors Sex (Male) 56.0% 60.5% 53.4% Age 14.57 (1.54) 14.49 (1.55) 14.62 (1.54) Race/Ethnicity White non-Latinx 33.0% 28.7% 35.3% Black non-Latinx 11.4% 10.9% 11.6% Other non-Latinx 7.8% 6.2% 8.6% Multi-racial non-Latinx 6.9% 8.5% 6.0% Latinx 41.0% 45.7% 38.4% Out-of-home placement 10.2% 12.4% 9.1% Legal Factors Offense Type (Delinquent) 51.0% 63.6% 44.0% Psychiatric Factors Inpatient Hospitalization 12.7% 14.0% 12.1% Internalizing Problems (Clinical) 14.1% 13.2% 21.2% Externalizing Problems (Clinical) 18.3% 26.4% 19.8% Substance Use Factors Alcohol-Related Problems 0.89 (2.39) 1.16 (2.79) 0.75 (2.13) Cannabis-Related Problems 1.24 (2.58) 1.64 (3.23) 1.02 (2.12) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 B (SE) 95% CI X2 B (SE) 95% CI X2 B (SE) 95% CI X2 B (SE) 95% CI X2 Demographic Factors Sex (Male) −0.46 (0.24) −0.92, 0.01 3.71† −0.39 (0.23) −0.84, 0.06 2.89† −0.29 (0.23) −0.74, 0.16 1.61 −0.48 (0.23) −0.93, -0.03 4.44* Age −0.12 (0.08) −0.27, 0.02 2.67 −0.17 (0.74) −0.31, -0.02 5.22* −0.13 (0.07) −0.28, 0.01 3.16† −0.22 (0.07) −0.36, -0.07 8.47** Race/Ethnicitya Black non-Latinx 0.82 (0.38) 0.08, 1.56 4.70* 0.68 (0.37) −0.05, 1.40 3.35† 0.72 (0.36) 0.01, 1.43 3.93* 0.96 (0.37) 0.24, 1.68 6.82** Other non-Latinx −0.46 (0.48) −1.40, 0.49 0.90 −0.53 (0.48) −1.47, 0.40 1.25 −0.46 (0.47) −1.38, 0.46 0.97 −0.08 (0.47) −1.01, 0.84 0.03 Multi-racial non-Latinx 0.54 (0.45) −0.33, 1.42 1.49 0.76 (0.44) −0.09, 1.62 3.06† 0.78 (0.43) −0.07, 1.62 3.27† 1.12 (0.43) 0.29, 1.96 6.94** Latinx 0.50 (0.26) −0.00, 1.01 3.83* 0.30 (0.26) −0.21, 0.81 1.34 0.33 (0.26) −0.17, 0.83 1.68 0.63 (0.26) 0.12, 1.13 5.96* Out-of-home placement 0.53 (0.35) −0.15, 1.20 2.32 0.35 (0.34) −0.32, 1.02 1.05 0.29 (0.34) −0.37, 0.95 0.74 0.37 (0.32) −0.27, 1.00 1.26 Legal Factors Offense Type (Delinquent) – – – 0.84 (0.23) 0.38, 1.30 12.87*** 0.67 (0.24) 0.20, 1.13 7.91** 0.81 (0.23) 0.35, 1.27 11.99** Psychiatric Factors Inpatient Hospitalization – – – – – – 0.10 (0.33) −0.55, 0.74 0.09 0.17 (0.32) −0.46, 0.79 0.27 Internalizing Problems – – – – – – −0.78 (0.35) −1.47, -0.09 4.91* −0.75 (0.35) −1.44, -0.06 4.54* Externalizing Problems – – – – – – 0.54 (0.26) 0.03, 1.06 4.25* 0.54 (0.26) 0.03, 1.05 4.37* Substance Use Factors Alcohol-Related Problems – – – – – – – – – 1.17 (0.39) 0.42, 1.93 9.29** Cannabis-Related Problems – – – – – – – – – 0.43 (0.36) −0.28, 1.14 1.43 Model Fit Deviance 275.25 277.34 280.96 280.01 Pearson X2 382.30 454.52 477.70 323.71 df 352 351 348 346 - Table 3
Results of Interaction Models Examining the Effects of Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Factors on Recidivism
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 B (SE) 95% CI X2 B (SE) 95% CI X2 B (SE) 95% CI X2 B (SE) 95% CI X2 Demographic Factors Sex (Male) −0.45 (0.18) −0.79, -0.10 6.24* −0.43 (0.18) −0.78, -0.08 5.79* −0.44 (0.18) −0.79, -0.09 6.08* −0.44 (0.18) −0.78, -0.09 6.04* Age −0.21 (0.06) −0.32, -0.09 12.52*** −0.22 (0.06) −0.34, -0.11 14.11*** −0.21 (0.06) −0.33, -0.10 12.88*** −0.21 (0.06) −0.33, -0.10 13.04*** Race/Ethnicitya Black, non-Latinx 0.95 (0.28) 0.40, 1.50 11.32*** 0.93 (0.28) 0.38, 1.48 10.81** 0.93 (0.28) 0.38, 1.48 11.05*** 0.93 (0.28) 0.38, 1.48 10.81** Other, non-Latinx −0.09 (0.39) −0.86, 0.69 0.47 −0.10 (0.39) −0.87, 0.68 0.06 −0.12 (0.39) −0.89, 0.65 0.09 −0.12 (0.39) −0.90, 0.65 0.10 Multi-racial, non-Latinx 1.09 (0.33) 0.44, 1.74 10.84** 1.05 (0.33) 0.40, 1.70 10.11** 1.05 (0.33) 0.40, 1.70 10.10** 1.05 (0.33) 0.40, 1.69 10.09** Latinx 0.67 (0.20) 0.27, 1.07 10.68** 0.66 (0.20) 0.26, 1.06 10.59** 0.64 (0.20) 0.24, 1.04 9.90** 0.63 (0.20) 0.24, 1.03 9.80** Out-of-home placement 0.39 (0.25) −0.09, 0.87 2.49 0.39 (0.25) −0.09, 0.87 2.51 0.39 (0.25) −0.09, 0.87 2.53 0.39 (0.25) −0.09, 0.87 2.53 Legal Factors Offense Type (Delinquent) 0.77 (0.18) 0.41, 1.13 17.93*** 0.79 (0.18) 0.43, 1.15 18.61*** 0.76 (0.18) 0.40, 1.11 17.43*** 0.75 (0.18) 0.40, 1.11 17.14*** Psychiatric Factors Inpatient Hospitalization 0.23 (0.24) −0.24, 0.71 0.92 0.20 (0.24) −0.28, 0.68 0.65 0.22 (0.24) −0.26, 0.70 0.82 0.22 (0.24) −0.26, 0.70 0.78 Internalizing Problems −0.78 (0.29) −1.35, 0.21 7.25** −0.88 (0.29) −1.45, -0.31 9.07** −0.85 (0.30) −1.43, -0.27 8.17** −0.88 (0.29) −1.45, -0.31 9.05** Externalizing Problems 0.54 (0.20) 0.16, 0.93 7.74** 0.56 (0.19) 0.18, 0.94 8.34** 0.55 (0.19) 0.17, 0.93 8.02** 0.56 (0.20) 0.17, 0.95 8.07** Substance Use Factors Alcohol-Related Problems 1.27 (0.32) 0.65, 1.90 16.02*** 1.40 (0.33) 0.75, 2.06 17.58*** 1.12 (0.31) 0.52, 1.72 13.48*** 1.10 (0.31) 0.50, 1.70 12.98*** Cannabis-Related Problems 0.46 (0.29) −0.10, 1.02 2.58 0.40 (0.29) −0.17, 0.96 1.91 0.44 (0.29) −0.14, 1.02 2.25 0.45 (0.32) −0.17, 1.08 2.03 Interaction Terms Internalizing × Alcohol −1.50 (0.81) −3.09, 0.09 3.40† – – – – – – – – – Externalizing × Alcohol – – – −1.29 (0.59) −2.45, -0.12 4.70* – – – – – – Internalizing × Cannabis – – – – – – −0.23 (0.76) −1.73, 1.26 0.09 – – – Externalizing × Cannabis – – – – – – – – – −0.14 (0.58) −1.29, 1.00 0.06 Model Fit Deviance 400.63 399.78 404.30 404.33 Pearson X2 494.88 494.85 520.67 520.76 df 346 346 346 346
